BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS IN EXERCISE, HEALTHY LIFE BEHAVIOR AND WELL-BEING: A STUDY ON EXERCISING INDIVIDUALS

Year 2024, Volume: 22 Issue: 3, 130 - 142, 30.09.2024

Berna Şile , A. Meliha Canpolat

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1447903

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the levels of healthy lifestyle behaviors and well-being of individuals who exercise and to examine the effect of healthy lifestyle behaviors on basic psychological needs and well-being. A total of 297 individuals who do sports, whom 195 of woman and 102 of men, are included in the study. Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise, Healthy Lifestyle Behavior and Psychological Well-Being scales were used to determine the basic psychological needs, well-being during exercise and healthy lifestyles of individuals participating in physical activity. To evaluate the data were applied ANOVA, pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that there was a low positive correlation between the subscales of basic psychological needs in exercise and healthy lifestyle behaviors and well-being levels of exercising individuals. In addition, it was found that yoga practitioners had higher mean scores of well-being and health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity, stress management, spiritual development, subscales than fitness and pilates.

Keywords

Physical activity, basic psychological needs in exercise, healthy lifestyle behavior, psychological well-being

EGZERSİZDE TEMEL PSİKOLOJİK İHTİYAÇLAR, SAĞLIKLI YAŞAM DAVRANIŞI VE İYİLİK HALİ: EGZERSİZ YAPAN BİREYLER ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, egzersiz yapan bireylerin sağlıklı yaşam davranışı ve iyilik hali düzeylerini belirlemek ve sağlıklı yaşam davranışlarının temel psikolojik ihtiyaç ve iyilik hali üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada 195’i kadın ve 102’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 297 spor yapan birey yer almaktadır. Fiziksel aktiviteye katılan bireylerin egzersiz sırasında temel psikolojik ihtiyaçları, iyilik hali ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimlerini belirlemek için Egzersizde Temel Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar, Sağlıklı Yaşam Davranışı ve İyilik Hali ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, egzersiz yapan bireylerin egzersizde temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlar, sağlıklı yaşam davranışları ve iyilik hali düzeyleri arasında düşük pozitif yönlü bir ilişki bulunduğu saptanmıştır. Sağlıklı yaşam davranışları ölçeği ile iyilik hali ölçeği arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca yoga yapan bireylerin iyilik hali ve sağlık sorumluluğu, beslenme, fiziksel aktivite, stres yönetimi, manevi gelişim alt boyutlarının fitness ve pilates branşına göre daha yüksek ortalama puanına sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Fiziksel aktivite, egzersizde psikolojik ihtiyaçlar, sağlıklı yaşam davranışı, psikolojik iyi oluş

References

• Andersen, S. (2000). Fundamental human needs: making social cognition relevant. Psychological Inquiry journal, 11(4), 269-276.
• Anderson, B. D., & Spector, A. (2000). Introduction to pilates-based rehabilitation. Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Clinics of North America, 9(3), 395-410.
• Bahar, Z., Beşer, A., Gördes, N., Ersin, F., & Kıssal, A. (2008). Determination of healthy lifestyle behavior of university students. Cumhuriyet University School of Nursing Journal, 12(1), 1-13.
• Bean, C., McFadden, T., Fortier, M., & Forneris, T. (2021). Understanding the relationships between programme quality, psychological needs satisfaction, and mental well- being in competitive youth sport. International of Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(2), 246-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2019.1655774
• Berk, Y., & Bingöl, M. (2023). Investigation of healthy living habits of individuals who do fitness and bodybuilding. Gaziantep University Journal of Sports Sciences, 8(1), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1252030
• Cantarero, K., Van Tilburg, W. A., & Smoktunowicz, E. (2021). Affirming basic psychological needs promotes mental well-being during the Covid-19 outbreak. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 821-828. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620942708
• Chei, C. L., Lee, J. M. L., Ma, S., & Malhotra, R. (2018). Happy older people live longer. Age and Ageing, 47(6), 860–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy128
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The” what” and” why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life’s domains: Correction to Deci and Ryan. Canadian Psychologie Canadienne, 49(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0708-5591.49.1.14
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985) The general causality orientations scale: self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
• Demirtepe-Saygılı, D., Eşiyok, E., & Turancı, E. (2021). Media usage, health literacy, health anxiety, and health behaviors of university students during the Covıd-19 Pandemic. Turkish Journal of Communication Research, 38, 19-34. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.862102
• Diener, E. (2009). The science of well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. New York: Springer Science Business Media, 37, 11-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6
• Diener, E. (2009). Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener. 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
• Edwards, S. (2006). Physical exercise and psychological well-being. South Africa Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 357–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630603600209
• Ferriz, R., Gonzalez-Cutre, D., Sicilia, A., & Hagger, M. S. (2016) Predicting healthy and unhealthy behaviors through physical education: A self-determination theory-based longitudinal approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 26(5), 579-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12470
• Forfylow, A. L. (2011) Integrating yoga with psychotherapy: a complementary treatment for anxiety and depression. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 45(2), 132-150.
• Gaiswinkler, L., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2016). The relationship between yoga involvement, mindfulness and psychological well-being. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 26, 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.011
• Genç, A., & Karaman, F. (2019). Developing of healthy life skills scale in university students. Istanbul Gelişim University Journal of Sports Sciences, 7, 656-669. https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.496557
• Goulimaris, D., Mavridis, G., Genti, M., & Rokka, S. (2014). Relationships between basic psychological needs and psychological well-being in recreational dance activities. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 14(2), 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2014.02042
• Gömleksiz, M., Yakar, B., & Pirinçci, E. (2020). Healthy lifestyle behaviors of medical faculty students and related factors. Dicle Medical Journal, 47(2), 347-35. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.755736
• Günal, M. (2007). Quality and patient satisfaction in health services. Master’s Thesis. Beykent University, Social Sciences Institute, Istanbul.
• Jeonga, Y., Yub, J. G., Shimc, J., & Choid, E. (2020). Exploring consumer behavior in fitness centers with an emphasis on mediating effects of psychological well-being. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 32(2), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.24985/IJASS.2020.32.2.14
• Karagüzel, G., Yenel, İ.F. (2019). Investigation of healthy lifestyle behaviors of women who do yoga regularly and do not do yoga in terms of different variables: the case of Ankara province. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 7(95), 457-472. https://dx.doiorg/10.16992/ASOS.15108.
• Kelley, G. A., & Kelley, K.S. (2020). Yoga, health-related quality of life and mental well-being: A re-analysis of a meta-analysis using the quality effects model. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 75(9), 1732-1736. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz284
• Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007.
• Koch, J. M., Ross, J. B., Karaffa, K. M., & Rosencrans, A.C. (2021). Self-compassion, healthy lifestyle behaviors, and psychological well-being in women. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion, 2(2), 220-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/26320770211039214
• Kolaç, N., Balcı, A. S., Şişman, F. N., Ataçer, B. E., & Dinçer, S. (2018). Health perception and healthy lifestyle behaviors in factory workers. Bakırköy Medical Journal, 14(3), 267-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.5350/BTDMJB.20170328092601
• Kowal, J., & Fortier, M. S. (1999). Motivational determinants of flow: Contributions from self-determination theory. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139(3), 355-368. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/00224549909598391
• Kroencke, L., Harari, G. M., Katana, M., & Gosling, S. (2019). Personality trait predictors and mental well-being correlates of exercise frequency across the academic semester. Social Science and Medicine, 236, 112400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112400
• Lim, E. J., & Park, J. E. (2019). The effects of Pilates and yoga participants on engagement in functional movement and individual health level. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 15(4), 553. https://doi.org/10.12965%2Fjer.1938280.140
• Lim, E. J., & Hyun, E. J. (2021). The impacts of pilates and yoga on health-promoting behaviors and subjective health status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073802
• Martela, F., Lehmus-Sun, A., Parker, P. D., Pessi, A. B., & Ryan, R. M. (2023). Needs and well-being across Europe: Basic psychological needs are closely connected with well-being, meaning, and symptoms of depression in 27 European countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 14(5), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221113678
• Martín-María, N., Caballero, F. F., Moreno-Agostino, D., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2020). Relationship between subjective well-being and healthy lifestyle behaviors in older adults: A longitudinal study. Aging and Mental Health, 24(4), 611-619. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1548567
• Milyavskaya, M., Gingras, I., Mageau, G.A., Koestner, R., Gagnon, H., Fang, J., & Boiche, J. (2009). Balance across contexts: Importance of balanced need satisfaction across various life domains. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(8), 1031-1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209337036
• Mohamadian, H., Ghannaee, M., Kortdzanganeh, J., & Meihan, L. (2013). Reliability and construct validity of the iranian version of health-promoting lifestyle profile in a female adolescent population. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(1), 42.
• Ntoumanis, N., Edmunds, J., & Duda, J. L. (2009). Understanding the coping process from a self-determination theory perspective. British Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708x349352
• Özdemir, H.Y., & Özel, C.B. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between health literacy, healthy lifestyle behaviors and exercise perceptions in health services vocational school students. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 32(3), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.17942/sted.1257678
• Özer, G. (2009). The effects of need satisfaction, self-determination, and attachment styles on university students' subjective wellbeing within the framework of self-determination theory. Master's thesis, Gazi University, Institute of Education Sciences, Ankara.
• Paterson D. H., & Warburton D. E. (2010). Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada's physical activity guidelines. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-38
• Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005). Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Current Opinion Psychiatry, 18(2), 189–193. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013
• Reis, H. T., Sheldon, K. M., Gable, S. L., Roscoe J., & Ryan, R. M., (2000) Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), 419–435. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0146167200266002
• Roh, S.Y. (2018) The influence of physical self-perception of female college students participating in pilates classes on perceived health state and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 14(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836088.044
• Ross, A., Friedmann, E., Bevans, M., & Thomas, S. (2012). Frequency of yoga practice predicts health: Results of a national survey of yoga practitioners. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/983258
• Ryan, R. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
• Schulz, E. (2020). Perceived well-being as related to spirituality and stress management: A case study of the purna health management system. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 4(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.46527/2582-3264.130
• Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 531. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.531
• Sheldon, K. M., & Krieger, L. S. (2007). Understanding the negative effects of legal educatiın on law students: A longitudinal test of self-determination theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6) 883-897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301014
• Telef, B.B. (2013). The Adaptation of psychological well-being into Turkish: a validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2414.4480
• Terzioğlu, Z. A., Çakır-Çelebi, S. G., & Yıldız, M. (2024). Effect of online mindfulness-based physical exercise program on psychological well-being and life satisfaction during the Covid-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 43(16), 15035-15045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04205-5
• Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S. (2006). Development and initial validation of a measure of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in exercise: The basic psychological needs in exercise scale. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10(3), 179-201. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
• Vlachopoulos, S. P., Asci, F. H., Cid, L., Ersoz, G., González-Cutre, D., Moreno-Murcia, J. A., & Moutão, J. (2013). Cross-cultural invariance of the basic psychological needs in exercise scale and need satisfaction latent mean differences among Greek, Spanish, Portuguese and Turkish samples. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.03.002
• Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1987). The health-promoting life-style profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nursing Research, 36(2), 76–81. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1097/00006199-198703000-00002
• Wang, J., & Geng, L. (2019). Effects of socioeconomic status on physical and psychological health: Lifestyle as a mediator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020281
• Watts, A. W., Rydell, S. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Laska, M. N., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2018). Yoga’s potential for promoting healthy eating and physical activity behaviors among young adults: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0674-4
• Wickham, S. R., Amarasekara, N. A., Bartonicek, A., & Conner, T. S. (2020). The big three health behaviors and mental health and well-being among young adults: A cross-sectional investigation of sleep, exercise, and diet. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 579205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579205
• Wilson, P.M., Mack, D. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Grey, C. E. (2009). The role of perceived psychological need satisfaction in exercise-related affect. Hellenic Journal of Psychology, 6, 183-206.
• Shomali, W., & Gotlib, J. (2022). World Health Organization‐Defined Eosinophilic Disorders: 2022 Update on Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Management. American Journal of Hematology, 97(1), 129-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26352
• Xu, S. S., Leung, K., Wong, T. W. L., Chung, K. H. K., & Chan, D. K. C. (2023). Physical activity and health-related fitness among Chinese older women: A test of self- determination theory. Asian Journal od Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.08.001
• Yeom, H. A., Keller, C., & Fleury, J. (2009). Interventions for promoting mobility in community‐dwelling older adults. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00390.x