Dante’nin Inferno’su İçin Yapılan Muhammed Peygamber İllüstrasyon ve Resimlerinde Temsilin Değişimi

Abstract

İtalyan şairi Dante Alighieri’nin 14’üncü yüzyıl başlarında Hristiyanlığın kutsal metinleri, Ortaçağ mitleri, İslami kaynaklar ve kendi hayal gücünden yararlanarak İtalyanca olarak yazdığı ve sırasıyla Inferno (Cehennem), Purgatorio (Araf) ve Paradiso (Cennet) bölümlerinden oluşan Komedya’sı; ölümden sonra gidildiği düşünülen öte dünyaya yapılan kurgusal bir yolculuk hikayesinin şiirle anlatıldığı siyasi ve felsefi yönleri olan bir hicivdir. Inferno’ya Muhammed Peygamber’i de dahil ettiği Dante’nin bu eskatolojik anlatısını yazmasından kısa süre sonra başlayan çeşitli resimleme teknikleri ile görselleştirilmesi ise neredeyse yedi yüz yıldır devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada; Inferno için veya ondan esinlenerek yapılan Muhammed Peygamber illüstrasyonları konu edilerek 14’uncü yüzyıl başlarından günümüze bunların yer aldığı elyazması, fresk, çizim ve baskıresimler görsel ve yazılı kaynaklar üzerinden araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada üç kısım bulunmaktadır: Rivayetler başlığı altındaki ilk kısımda; Dante’nin neden Muhammed Peygamber’i Inferno’da anlattığına, Malebolge başlığı altındaki ikinci kısımda ise Inferno’da anlatılan cehennemin genel yapısı ile Peygamber’den bahsedilen Kanto 28’e değinilmiştir. İllüstrasyonlar başlıklı üçüncü kısımda ise bu kantonun dizelerine dayalı olarak 14’üncü yüzyıldan günümüze yapılmış ve Peygamber’i temsil eden figürleri görebileceğimiz elyazması, fresk, çizim ve baskıresim örnekleri yer almaktadır. Yüzyıllardır devam eden bu illüstrasyonlardaki anlatımcı ve mimetik temsillere 1950’lerden sonra deformasyon, soyutlama ve distorsiyonun kullanıldığı illüstrasyonların eklendiği ayrıca tek bir örnekle sınırlı olsa da yağlıboya bir tablo olarak yapılan Inferno’daki anlatı ile Müslüman anlatılarını harmanlamış çağrışıma açık bir Muhammed Peygamber temsili de görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Dante Alighieri
• İlahi Komedya
• Inferno
• Muhammed Peygamber
• İkonografi
• Hz. Ali

Change of the Representation in the Illustrations and Paintings of Prophet Muhammad Made for Dante’s Inferno

Abstract

Italian Medieval poet Dante Alighieri’s Comedy, written in Italian at the beginning of the 14th century, using the Christian scriptures, the myths of the period, Islamic sources and his own imagination, consists of the Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory) and Paradiso (Heaven) parts, respectively. It is a satire with political and philosophical aspects in which the story of a fictional journey to the other world, which is thought to be taken after death, is told through poetry. The visualization of Dante, in which he included the Prophet Muhammad in the Inferno, with various illustration techniques that started shortly after he wrote this eschatological narrative, has continued for almost seven hundred years. In this study; the illustrations of the Prophet Muhammad, made for or inspired by the Inferno, have been researched through visual and written sources, including manuscripts, frescoes, drawings and prints from the beginning of the 14th century to the present. There are three parts in the research: in the first part under the title of Rumors; in the second part under the title of Malebolgia, the general structure of hell described in the Inferno and Canto 28, which is mentioned about the Prophet, are mentioned. In the third part, titled Illustrations, there are manuscripts, frescoes, drawings and printmaking samples made from the 14th century, based on the lines of this canton, where we can see the figures representing the Prophet. After the 1950s, illustrations using deformation, abstraction and distortion were added to the expressive and mimetic representations in these illustrations, which have been going on for centuries, and there is also a representation of the Prophet Muhammad, which is open to connotation, blending the narrative in Inferno, which was made as an oil painting, although it was limited to a single example. The visualization of this eschatological narrative first appears in the manuscripts prepared on parchment with different dialects of Italian in the second quarter of the 14th century in various regions of Italy, and continues with murals in public spaces. After the printing press began to be used in the middle of the 15th century, parchment was replaced by paper and reproductions began with the use of sangin, charcoal, graphite, silver pen, ink and watercolor, as well as various printmaking techniques such as woodcut, metal printing, and lithography. With the translation of Comedy into other languages ​​in the late 18th century, illustrators and artists from different countries such as France, the United Kingdom and the United States also painted Dante’s lines. Photography in the 19th century and digital reproduction techniques in the 20th century are involved and a larger audience is reached. After the mid-20th century, figurative paintings based on mimetic and narrative; Prophet representations using abstraction, deformation or distortion are added. They are not mimetic and narrative-based and show that what is meant to be represented can be conveyed through other means of illustration. The only extraordinary example made in the 21st century is the evocative oil painting of Arrivabene, which blends the Christian, Muslim and Jewish narratives, as the image and the name he gave to the painting.

Keywords

• Dante Alighieri
• Divine Comedy
• Inferno
• Prophet Muhammad
• Iconography
• Divina Comedy
• Caliph Ali

References

1. Ahatlı, E. (2010). Şakk-ı Sadr. Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul. (38): 309-310, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sakk-i-sadr [Erişim: 23.03.2021].
2. AIC Associazione Centri Culturali. (2019). Eventi Varese:L'Inferno di Dante Alighieri Presentazione dell'edizione curata da Franco Nembrini. http://www.centriculturali.org/default.asp?id=346&id_n=11361 [Erişim: 28.04.2022].
3. Alighieri, D. (a) (b) (c). (2013). İlahi Komedya Cehennem. (Rekin Teksoy, Çev.) İstanbul: Oğlak Yay. (İlk yayın tarihi yaklaşık 1307-1321 yılları).
4. Por amor al arte. (20 Temmuz 2019). Agostino Arrivabene. https://poramoralarte-exposito.blogspot.com/2019/07/agostino-arrivabene_20.html?m=0&hl=es_419 [Erişim: 03.05.2022].
5. Archivi Guttuso. Opere - Illustrazione e teatro. https://www.guttuso.com/opere/illustrazione-e-teatro-2/ [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
6. Art Found. About us. https://www.artfund.org/about-us. [Erişim: 28.04.2021].
7. Artstor (a). unknown (unknown nationality, artist). 1487. La Commedia.. woodcuts. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_15876709 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
8. Artstor (b). unknown (unknown nationality, artist). 1491. La Commedia.. woodcuts. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_15877123 [Erişim: 28.04.2022].

9. Artstor (c). unknown (unknown nationality, artist). 1497. La Commedia.. woodcuts. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/public/SS33624_33624_15877327 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
10. Artstor (d). unknown (unknown nationality, artist). 1507. Dante Alighieri fiorentino historiado... woodcuts. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_15877587 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
11. Artstor (e). unknown (unknown nationality, artist). 1512. Opere del divino poeta Danthe con suoi comenti. woodcuts. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/public/SS33624_33624_15877855 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
12. Artstor (f). Scaramuzza, Francesco (Italian painter and draftsman, 1803-1886). 1842?. Illustrazioni sulla Divina commedia di Dante [in 4 portfolios]. engravings (prints). Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_33393980 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
13. Artstor (g). Doré, Gustave (French printmaker, painter, and sculptor, 1832-1883). 1861. Enfer. engravings (prints). Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_33392704 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
14. Artstor (h). Doré, Gustave (French printmaker, painter, and sculptor, 1832-1883). 1861. Enfer. engravings (prints). Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/public/SS33624_33624_33392783 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
15. Artstor (i). Koch, Joseph Anton (Austrian painter, engraver, and draftsman, (1768-1839), Ghirardoni, Giovanni Andrea (Italian painter, died ca. 1628). 1904. Iconografia dantesca. engravings (prints). Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_33391309 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
16. Artstor (j). Macchiavelli, Gian Giacomo (Italian printmaker, 1756-1811), Macchiavelli, Gian Giacomo. 1819. La Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri con tavole in rame. Engraving. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_15878605 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
17. Artstor (k). Gozzini, Vincenzo, Stanghi, Vincenzo. 1846. La Divina commedia. Engraving. Place: Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library: Fiske Dante Collection. https://library.artstor.org/asset/SS33624_33624_15878827 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
18. Audeh, A. (2010). Gustave Doré’s Illustrations for Dante’s Divine Comedy: Innovation, Influence, and Reception. Studies in Medievalism XVIII. 125-164. https://www.academia.edu/11410809/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9s_Illustrations_for_Dantes_Divine_Comedy_Innovation_Influence_and_Reception [Erişim: 07.04.2022].
19. Balcı, İ. (2013). Şakkı Sadr Hadisesine Dair Rivayetlerin Kritiği. İstem, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu İlahiyat Fakültesi İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Bölümü İstem Dergisi. (21): 11-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/260921 [Erişim: 23.03.2021].
20. Bahkou, A. (Kasım-Aralık 2015). The Monk Encounters the Prophet - The Story of the Encounter between Monk Bahīra and Muhammad as It Is Recorded in the Syriac Manuscript of Mardin 259/2. Cultural and Religious Studies. 3(6): 349-357. http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/567261e178dfd.pdf [Erişim: 10.03.2021].
21. Barolini, T. (a) (2018). Inferno 28: Tuscany’s Evil Seed. Digital Dante. New York, NY: Columbia University Libraries. https://digitaldante.columbia.edu/dante/divine-comedy/inferno/inferno-28/ [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
22. Barolini, T. (b) (2018). Inferno 4: Non-Christians in the Christian Afterlife. Commento Baroliniano, Digital Dante. New York, NY: Columbia University Libraries, https://digitaldante.columbia.edu/dante/divine-comedy/inferno/inferno-4/ [Erişim: 16.04.2022].
23. Basilica di San Petronio. IV. Cappella dei Re Magi. https://www.basilicadisanpetronio.org/basilica/cappelle/iv-chapel-of-the-magi/ [Erişim: 22.04.2022].
24. Bernazzani, C. (2012). Divina Commedia. Le visioni di Doré, Scaramuzza, Nattini. Mamiano di Traversetolo, Fondazione Magnani Rocca 31 marzo 2012 - 1 luglio 2012, Osservatorio Mostre e Musei. http://mostreemusei.sns.it/index.php?page=_layout_mostra&id=1034&lang=it&complete [Erişim: 05.04.2021].
25. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana DigiVatLib (DVL). Digitized manuscripts Urb.lat.365. https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Urb.lat.365 [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
26. Biblioteche della Città metropolitana di Milano Biblioteca Isimbardi. La Divina Commedia di Dante illustrata da Amos Nattini. https://isimbardi.comperio.it/library/biblioteca-isimbardi/patrimonio/la-divina-commedia-di-dante-illustrata-da-amos-nattini/ [Erişim: 05.04.2021].
27. Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Firenze. Reserve manuscripts. https://www.bmlonline.it/en/la-biblioteca/manoscritti-della-riserva/ [Erişim: 19.09.2021].
28. Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) (a). Italien 74. Dante Alighieri, Inferno, con l'Ottimo Commento. BnF Archives et manuscrits Département des Manuscrits Italien, Italien 1-250. https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc96029 [Erişim: 15.04.2021].
29. Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) (b). Italien 2017. Dante, Inferno, avec le Commentaire de Guiniforte Barzizza. BnF Archives et manuscrits, Département des Manuscrits Italien, Italien 2001-2251. https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc109696 [Erişim: 11.04.2021].
30. Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) (c). Italien 2017. Dante, Inferno, avec le Commentaire de Guiniforte Barzizza. Gallica. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10509601v/f633.item.zoom [Erişim: 11.04.2021].
31. Bonhamps. (09 Aralık 2010). Lot 6005 Dante Alighieri. 1265-1321. [La Divina Commedia.] Florence: Nicolaus Lorenz, August 30, 1481. https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/18411/lot/6005/ [Erişim: 22.04.2022].
32. Boyle, J. A. (1971). Rashīd al-Dīn: The First World Historian. The journal IRAN. (9): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300435 [Erişim: 02.05.2022].
33. Brieger, P. H. (1969). Illuminated Manuscripts of the Divine Comedy. https://archive.org/details/illuminatedmanus0001brie [Erişim: 18.09.2021].
34. Cappella degli Scrovegni, http://www.cappelladegliscrovegni.it/index.php/en/the-scrovegni-s-chapel/history-of-scrovegni-s-chapel [Erişim: 10.04.2021].
35. Cheney, L. D. G. (Ağustos 2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies. 4(8): 488-520. http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/Contribute/57ce2a21b83f7.pdf [Erişim: 26.04.2021].
36. Columbia College. Dante Alighieri, by Giotto di Bondone, c. 1335. Columbia University in the City of New York. http://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/dante-alighieri-giotto-di-bondone-c-1335 [Erişim: 09.04.2021].
37. Coffey, H. (2013). Encountering the Body of Muhammad: Intersections between Mi‘raj Narratives, the Shaqq al-Sadr, and the Divina Commedia in the Age before Prints. Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe. Ed. by Avinoam Shalem. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. 33-86. https://docplayer.net/64734953-Constructing-the-image-of-muhammad-in-euope.html [Erişim: 09.04.2021].
38. Cooprider Family Collection. https://www.artworkarchive.com/profile/cooprider-family-collection/artwork/the-black-cherub-gottliche-komodie-holle-h20-by-salvador-dali-d7 [Erişim: 04.04.2021].
39. Cornell University Library (a). (2021). Dante Visions - Glossary. https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/visionsofdante/glossary.php [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
40. Cornell University Library (b). (2021). Dante Visions - Dante from Manuscript to Printed Book. https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/visionsofdante/manuscripttobook.php [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
41. Cultura Turismo Forlì. (18 Haziran 2020). Maurizio Tassani, L'inferno di Dante, illustrato da Amos Nattini. Youtube. dk. 5:02. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDZuoDWhdyY&ab_channel=CulturaTurismoForl%C3%AC [Erişim: 05.04.2021].
42. Cündioğlu, D. (a). (25 Nisan 2020). Cehennemin Ağzında Felsefe: limbus (3). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ByaQkHWeaiU [Erişim: 27 Nisan 2020].
43. Cündioğlu, D. (b). (02 Mayıs 2020). Son Çığlık: averroes (1). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdBgcDMpIsw&list=PLg12t-kIoaEQhuAI-P4Mct6Dd7gzNvD7i&index=1 [Erişim: 05.05.2020].
44. Cündioğlu, D. (c). (02 Mayıs 2020). Son Çığlık: averroes (4). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMhxMzQ-2LY [Erişim: 05.05.2020].
45. Demir, H. ; R. T. Gedikli ; M, Şeker. (2018). İslam Tarihindeki Bir Vakanın Yorum Kritiği: Rahip Bahira Olayı. Ağrı İslâmi İlimler Dergisi (AGİİD). (2): 57-92. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/494037 [Erişim: 25.03.2021].
46. dell’Otto, G. (2018). Divine Commedia - Inferno_Canto_28-Bertram con la testa in mano, Image 29 of 101. https://www.gabrieledellotto.it/el-dante/ [Erişim: 28.04.2022].
47. Di Cesare, M. (2013). Images of Muhammad in Western Medieval Book Culture. Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe. Ed. by Avinoam Shalem. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. 9-32. https://docplayer.net/64734953-Constructing-the-image-of-muhammad-in-europe.html [Erişim: 09.04.2021].
48. Digital Bodlleian Library (a). Western Medieval Manuscripts. https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/collections/western-medieval-manuscripts/ [Erişim: 11.04.2021].
49. Digital Bodleian Library (b). MS. Holkham misc. 48. https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/10974934-30a5-4495-857e-255760e5c5ff/surfaces/cb41f306-6b1d-4dee-8a66-ee8bf4d0d307/ [Erişim: 09.03.2021].
50. Don Gianluca Busi. (20 Aralık 2019). don Gianluca Busi: Cappella Bolognini (san Petronio Bologna). Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1esVkXDTYI4&ab_channel=GianlucaBusi [Erişim: 01.04.2021].
51. Dotti, M. (a). (18 Nisan 2017). Giudizio, ricollocamento. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSwVFtTnuOA&ab_channel=OPERADELLAPRIMAZIALEPISANA [Erişim: 02.04.2021].
52. Dotti, M. (b). (18 Nisan 2017). Pisa, Buffalmacco e quel giudizio strappato alla morte. Vita International. http://www.vita.it/it/article/2017/04/18/pisa-buffalmacco-e-quel-giudizio-strappato-alla-morte/143074/ [Erişim: 02.04.2021].
53. Ebay. La Divina Commedia - Inferno -Dante Alighieri- Illustrations by Lorenzo Mattotti. https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/392280142780 [Erişim: 07.04.2022].
54. Estense Digital Library (a). Italien 2017. Dante, Inferno, avec le Commentaire de Guiniforte Barzizza. BnF. Département des Manuscrits. https://edl.beniculturali.it/open/1329376 [Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2021].
55. Estense Digital Libraryi (b). L’Inferno Dante Alighieri; illustrato da Gustavo Doré. https://edl.beniculturali.it/open/2013276 [Erişim: 14.04.2021].
56. Estense Digital Library (c). Italien 74. BnF. Département des Manuscrits. https://edl.beniculturali.it/open/1340420 [Erişim: 15.04.2021].
57. Estense Digital Library (d). Dante Estense. BnF. Département des Manuscrits. https://edl.beniculturali.it/beu/850110012 [Erişim: 19.04.2021].
58. Fabriano. Chi siamo, oggi. https://fabriano.com/noi/ [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
59. Facsimile Finder (1995). Dante Estense Facsimile Edition. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/dante-estense-facsimile [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
60. Facsimile Finder. Divine Comedy by Sandro Botticelli Facsimile Editions. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/divine-comedy-of-sandro-botticelli-facsimile [Erişim: 17.03.2021].
61. Facsimile Finder. (2015). Divine Comedy Egerton 943 Facsimile Edition. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/divine-comedy-egerton-facsimile [Erişim: 17.03.2021].
62. Facsimile Finder. (2017). Divina Commedia degli Obizzi Facsimile Edition. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/divine-comedy-codex-67-padua-facsimile [Erişim: 17.03.2021].
63. Facsimile Finder. (2021). Ms. Urb. lat. 365, Divine Comedy “Dante Urbinate” Facsimile Editions. https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/dante-urbinate-facsimile [Erişim: 13.04.2022].
64. Fayda, M. (2005). Muhammed. Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (30): 479-481. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/muhammed#1-hayati [Erişim: 13.04.2021].
65. Fayda M. (1988). Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn. Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (18): 324. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hulefa-yi-rasidin [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
66. Finazzi, M. (25 Mart 2021). Tutti noi siamo con Dante mentre percorre i regni. (Agostino Arrivabene ile röportaj). Exibart. https://www.exibart.com/libri-ed-editoria/tutti-noi-siamo-con-dante-mentre-percorre-i-regni/ [Erişim: 03.05.2022].
67. Floserber.tumblr.com. (18 Kasım 2015). Lorenzo Mattotti, La Divina Commedia, L’Inferno, 1999. https://floserber.tumblr.com/post/133459315828/lorenzo-mattotti-la-divina-commedia-linferno/amp [Erişim: 07.04.2022].
68. Fratini, D. (a). (Ocak 2021). Inferno. Dante Istoriato. Inferno La Divina Commedia illustrata da Federico Zuccari: 3/31 I disegni. Le Gallerie Degli Uffizi. https://www.uffizi.it/mostre-virtuali/dante-istoriato-inferno#3 [Erişim: 15.03.2021].
69. Fratini, D. (b). (Ocak 2021). Dante Istoriato. Inferno La Divina Commedia illustrata da Federico Zuccari: 28/31 Ottova cerchio, ottova bolgia: i consiglieri fraudolenti. Ulisse e Diomede, Nona bolgia: i seminatori di discordie Inferno, Canti XXVI-XXVIII. Le Gallerie Degli Uffizi. https://www.uffizi.it/mostre-virtuali/dante-istoriato-inferno#28 [Erişim: 15.03.2021].
70. Fığlalı, E. R. (1989). Ali. Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (2): 375. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ali [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
71. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. Canto XXVIII, pl. 55 from L'Inferno di Dante (Dante's Inferno). https://art.famsf.org/bartolomeo-pinelli/canto-xxviii-pl-55-linferno-di-dante-dantes-inferno-19633037291 [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
72. Giallombardo, F. M. (14 Mart 2020). La Divina Commedia illustrata dall’artista Agostino Arrivabene. Immagini in anteprima. Artribune. https://www.artribune.com/editoria/grafica-illustrazione/2020/03/divina-commedia-agostino-arrivabene/ [Erişim: 03.05.2022].
73. Ginoguccio. (04 Mayıs 2013). Gassman Legge Dante - La Divina Commedia - Inferno - Canto XXVIII. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZbhSMV9ibQ&ab_channel=ginoguccio [Erişim: 10.03. 2021].
74. Google Books. Opere Del Divino Poeta Danthe: Con Svoi Comenti: Recorrecti Et Con Ogne. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=935eAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=twopage&q&f=false [Erişim: 01.05.2022].
75. Giuffrida, A. (01 Ocak 2021). Italy begins year of Dante anniversary events with virtual Uffizi exhibition. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/01/italy-year-long-celebration-dante-700-anniversary-drawings [Erişim: 12.04.2022].
76. Gund Gallery. (2021). Inside the Gund: Salvador Dali's Illustrations of Dante's Divine Comedy. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ErloLeMoqw [Erişim: 15.04.2022].
77. Hollander, R. (2000-2007). Inferno 28.22-31. The Dartmouth Dante Project. https://dante.dartmouth.edu/search_view.php?doc=200051280220&cmd=gotoresult&arg1=15 [Erişim: 19.04.2022].
78. Il Centro Scaligero degli Studi Danteschi e della Cultura Internazionale. Dante e l’arte Achille Incerti - Inferno. http://www.danteverona.it/dante-e-l-arte.php?id=1 [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
79. Initiale Catalogue de manuscrits enluminés. Manuscrit Chantilly, Musée Condé, 0597 (1424). http://initiale.irht.cnrs.fr/codex/10515 [Erişim: 01.05.2022].
80. Internet Archive. Islam and the Divine Commedy by Miguel Asin Palacios. https://archive.org/stream/IslamAndTheDivineCommedyByMiguelAsinPalacios/Islam%20and%20the%20divine%20commedy%20by%20Miguel%20Asin%20Palacios_djvu.txt [Erişim: 30.04.2022].
81. Kutsal Kitap. Matta. 27:5. https://kutsalkitap.info.tr/?q=mat%2027:5 [Erişim: 09.04.2021].
82. Kutsal Kitap. Elçilerin İşleri. 1:18. https://kutsalkitap.info.tr/?q=elc%201:18 [Erişim: 09.04.2021].
83. L’Agence Photo RMN Grand Palais, (a). Dante et Virgile observent les semeurs de discorde Anonyme italien. https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/00-015233-2C6NU0VUU997.html [Erişim: 10.04.2021].
84. L’Agence Photo RMN Grand Palais, (b). Illustration du Chant XXVIII de l'Enfer de la Divine Comédie de Dante Botticelli Sandro (1444/1445-1510). https://www.photo.rmn.fr/archive/05-519483-2C6NU07BQBQB.html [Erişim: 10.04.2021].
85. Le Gallerie degli Uffizi. (2021). Dante Istoriato. Inferno. La Divina Commedia illustrata da Federico Zuccari. https://www.uffizi.it/mostre-virtuali/dante-istoriato-inferno#28 [Erişim: 12.03.2021].
86. Lockport Street Gallery. Salvador Dali - Divine Comedy - Mohammed. https://lockportstreetgallery.com/dali/salvador-dali-divine-comedy/mohammed/ [Erişim: 12.04.2022].
87. Lopes, D. M. M. (Spring 2000). Mimesis and Moral Vision: The Moral Content of Pictures. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 83(1):183-208. Penn State University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41178937 [Erişim: 20.04.2022].
88. McLaughlin, M. (2011). Treasures of the Bodleian: Dante, The Divine Comedy. Bodleian Libraries Youtube Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkUEs6gTXYs [Erişim: 15.04.2022].
89. Mallette, C. (2007). Muhammad in Hell. Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society, Dante and Islam, (125): 207-224, The Johns Hopkins University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40350665. [Erişim: 15.04.2021].
90. Mâle, Émile. (1913). Religious Art in France, XIII Century; A Study in Mediaeval Iconography and Its Sources of Inspiration. (Translation by Dora Nussey) London, J.M. Dent & Sons; New York, E.P. Dutton & Co. https://archive.org/details/ReligiousArtInFrance/page/n5/mode/2up [Erişim: 10.09.2021].
91. Marin, I. (2015). Dante’s Hell Envisioned by Gustav Doré: An Overlooked Opening to Modernity. International Journalof Cross-Cultural Studiesand Environmental Communication. 4(1): 8-17. DOI:10.5682/22853324. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277957945_Dante's_Hell_Envisioned_by_Gustav_Dore_An_Overlooked_Opening_to_Modernity [Erişim: 04.07.2022].
92. Meiss, M. (1951). Painting in Florence and Siena After the Black Death; The Arts, Religion and Society in the Mid-fourteenth Century. Harper & Row. https://archive.org/details/paintinginfloren0000meis_y5u2/page/102/mode/2up?q=dante [Erişim: 27.04.2022].
93. Montemaggi, V., M. Treherne, A. Rowson. Inferno Malebolge (Cantos XVIII - XXX). University of Leeds. https://ahc.leeds.ac.uk/discover-dante/doc/inferno/page/5 [Erişim: 22.04.2022].
94. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA). Inferno, Canto XXVIII: The Schismatics Michael Mazur (American, 1935–2009). https://collections.mfa.org/objects/478276 [Erişim: 27.04.2021].
95. National Portrait Gallery. William Blake. Overview Extended Catalogue Entry. https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw00610/William-Blake [Erişim: 26.04.2022].
96. Onorati, A. (2015). Inferno, Canto XXVIII, Dantemania. http://www.dantemania.it/in-viaggio-con-dante/divina-commedia/sinossi-inferno/item/197-inferno-canto-xxviii [Erişim: 11.03.2021].
97. Opera della Primaziale Pisana (a). (12 Nisan 2018). Gli affreschi del Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB9ol55cT_8&ab_channel=OPERADELLAPRIMAZIALEPISANA [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
98. Opera della Primaziale Pisana (b). (13 Nisan 2018). The Frescoes of The Monumental Camposanto of Pisa. https://www.opapisa.it/en/multimedia-en/news/the-frescoes-of-the-monumental-camposanto-of-pisa/ [Erişim: 01.04.2021].
99. Oxford Reference. Buffalmacco (c. 1315-1336). https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095534172 [Erişim: 29.04.2022].
100. PBA Galleries Specialists in Exceptional Books & Private Libraries at Auction. Lot 294, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. https://www.pbagalleries.com/view-auctions/catalog/id/218/lot/65498/The-Divine-Comedy-of-Dante-Alighieri [Erişim: 07.04.2022].
101. Palacios, M. A. (2008). Islam and the Divine Commedy. Routledge Library Editions: Islam. (İlk yayın tarihi 1926. Routledge tarafından ilk dijital edisyon tarihi 2008). https://archive.org/details/IslamAndTheDivineCommedyByMiguelAsinPalacios/page/n49/mode/2up [Erişim: 24.04.2022].
102. Pandolfini Casa d’Aste. (15 Nisan 2021). Lotto 579. (Edizioni di pregio - Illustrati 900). ALIGHERI, Dante - NATTINI, Amos. La Divina Commedia. Imagini di Amos Nattini. (Milano, Officine dell’Istituto nazionale dantesco, 1931-1941). https://www.pandolfini.it/it/asta-1042/edizioni-di-pregio-illustrati-900-aligheri-.asp [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
103. Pearl, M. The Image of Dante, the Divine Comedy and the Visual Arts: Part II in the Ashmolean Museum and the Taylor Institution II: The Divine Comedy Illustrated. Taylor Institution Library A Bodleian Libraries weblog. http://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/taylorian/tag/dante-alighieri/ [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
104. Polzer, J. (Aralık 1964). Aristotle, Mohammed and Nicholas V in Hell. The Art Bulletin. 46(4): 457-469. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3048209 [Erişim: 15.04.2021].
105. Princeton University. (1997-1998). Princeton Dante Project, Canto XXVIII, https://dante.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/dante/campuscgi/mpb/GetCantoSection.pl?LANG=2&INP_POEM=Inf&INP_SECT=28&INP_START=23&INP_LEN=15 [Erişim: 13.02.2022].
106. Princeton University Art Museum (a). Mohammed and the Monk Sergius, 1508. https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/10193 [Erişim: 24.04.2021].
107. Princeton University Art Museum (b). Inferno, after the Fresco in the Camposanto of Pisa, ca. 1480-1500. https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/48120 [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
108. Project Gutenberg. (07 Ağustos 2004). Project Gutenberg's The Vision of Hell, Complete, by Dante Alighieri. Ebook from [The Vision of Hell. by Dante Alighieri. Translated The Rev. Henry Francis Cary, M.A. and Illustrated with the Seventy-five Designs of Gustave Dorby Illustrated by Gustave Doré. Popular Edition. Cassel & Company Limited: London, Paris & Melbourne, 1892] Produced by David Widger. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/8789/8789-h/8789-h.htm#link28 [Erişim: 06.04.2021].
109. Project Bonesprit. (2013). The Camposanto of Pisa and Lasinio’s engravings. http://www.napoleonsites.eu/en/divulgativa/573/the-camposanto-of-pisa-and-lasinio-rsquo-s-engravings.html [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
110. Renan. E. (1882). Averroés et L'Averroisme: Essai Historique. (Ed. Calmann Lévy) Ancienne Maison Michel Lévy Frères, Paris. https://archive.org/details/averrosetlaver00renauoft/page/8/mode/2up?q=mohammed [Erişim: 16.09.2021].
111. Roylance, D. (1970). Dante Iconography: an Introduction. Leonard Baskin exhibition catalogue. https://www.rmichelson.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Divine-Comedy-Iconography.pdf [Erişim: 26.04.2022].
112. R. Michelson Galleries (a). Leonard Baskin - Divine Comedy Watercolors: Inferno. https://www.rmichelson.com/artists/leonard-baskin/divine-comedy-watercolors/inf202-a-fiend-40x27/ [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
113. R. Michelson Galleries (b). Leonard Baskin - Divine Comedy Watercolors. https://www.rmichelson.com/artists/leonard-baskin/divine-comedy-watercolors/paradiso/dcstud4/ [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
114. Schmidt, E. D. (2021). Introduzione, Dante Istoriato. Inferno La Divina Commedia illustrata da Federico Zuccari. Le Gallerie Degli Uffizi. https://www.uffizi.it/mostre-virtuali/dante-istoriato-inferno#1 [Erişim: 15.03.2021].
115. Slices of Light. (22 Mart 2017). Giovanni di Modena’s Frescoes. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/justaslice/48867508118. [Erişim: 06.05.2022].
116. Smithsonian Institution. First volume of a Tarikhnama (Book of history) by Bal’ami (died ca. 992-997). https://collections.si.edu/search/record/ark:/65665/ye3b699e327287b42869584508cc4a28410 [Erişim: 12.04.2021].
117. Società Dante Alighieri (a). Pier da Medicina, Inf. XXVIII, 73, Cerchio 8 - Bolgia 9 - Seminatori di discordie. https://divinacommedia.dante.global/inferno/person/pierdame.htm [Erişim: 08.05.2022].
118. Società Dante Alighieri (b). Mosca dei Lamberti, Inf. XXVIII, 103 cit. Inf. VI, 80 Cerchio 8 - Bolgia 9 - Seminatori di discordie. https://divinacommedia.dante.global/inferno/person/mosca.htm [Erişim: 08.05.2022].
119. Società Dante Alighieri (c). Bertram dal Bornio Inf. XXVIII, 118, cit. Inf. XXIX, 29, Cerchio 8 - Bolgia 9 - Seminatori di discordie. https://divinacommedia.dante.global/inferno/person/bertram.htm. Erişim: 08.05.2022.].
120. Stanford University Libraries. (2018). Danthe Alighieri fiorentino. (Image 128). https://purl.stanford.edu/vv570rg7941 [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
121. Stanziale, M. (2021). Le illustrazioni della “Divina Commedia”. Sette secoli di storia. il Chaos. https://ilchaos.com/le-illustrazioni-della-divina-commedia-sette-secoli-di-storia/ [Erişim: 03.05.2022].
122. Stocchi, M. P. (1970). Curione, Gaio Scribonio. Enciclopedia Dantesca. https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gaio-scribonio-curione_%28Enciclopedia-Dantesca%29/ [Erişim: 08.05.2022].
123. Szilágyi, K. (2008). Muḥammad and the Monk: The Making of the Christian Baḥīra Legend. The Institute of Asian and African Studies The Max Schloessinger Memorial Foundation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Faculty of Humanities, Offprint from Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (JSAI) (34): 169-214. https://www.academia.edu/2940939/Muhammad_and_the_Monk_The_Making_of_the_Christian_Bahira_Legend [Erişim: 10.03.2021].
124. Tafarella, S. (08 Nisan 2012). Censorship Watch: For Sake of Mohammad, Valentina Sereni Seeks Ban on Dante, Gustav Dore, William Blake, and Botticelli. Santitafarella wordpress. https://santitafarella.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/censorship-watch-for-sake-of-mohammad-valentina-sereni-seeks-ban-on-dante-gustav-dore-william-blake-and-botticelli-are-thereby-threatened-as-well/ [Erişim: 27.04.2021].
125. Tassinari, P. (07 Nisan 2021). Dante International “…che merda fa …” (Inferno, canto XXVIII): metafora o idioma?. International Web Post. https://internationalwebpost.org/contents/DANTE_INTERNATIONAL_20529.html#.YG4hxegzaUk [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
126. Tate Britain. Tom Phillips Canto XXVIII: [no title] 1983. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/phillips-canto-xxviii-no-title-p07868 [Erişim: 05.04.2021].
127. The British Library (a). The Travels of Sir John Mandeville. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/manuscript-of-mandevilles-travels-showing-headless-men-1430 [Erişim: 08.03.2021].
128. The British Library (b-1). Egerton MS 943. http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Egerton_MS_943 [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
129. The British Library (b-2). Egerton MS 943. http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Egerton_MS_943 [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
130. The British Library (c). Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts, Detailed record for Yates Thompson 36. http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=6468&CollID=58&NStart=36 [Erişim: 01.04.2021].
131. The British Library (d). Detailed record for Additional 19587. https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/record.asp?MSID=8337&CollID=27&NStart=1958. [Erişim: 20.09.2021].
132. The British Library (e). Additional 19587 f. 47v Sowers of discord; Bertrand de Born. https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=60194 [Erişim: 20.09.2021].
133. The British Library (f). Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts - Rubric. https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/GlossR.asp [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
134. The British Museum (a). Print Mohammed and the Monk Sergius, Museum number Kk,6.126. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_Kk-6-126 [Erişim: 10.03.2021].
135. The British Museum (b). Jan van der Straet. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG47549 [Erişim: 16.03.2021].
136. The British Museum (c). Gustave Doré. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG25500 [Erişim: 13.03.2021].
137. The Cleveland Museum of Art. (10 Ağustos 2006). The Inferno According to Dante, after the Fresco in the Campo Santo at Pisa. https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1924.527 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
138. The Dante Collection (a). The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. A Verse Translation with Introductions & Commentary by Allen Mandelbaum. Drawings by Barry Moser. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London, University of California Press, 1980-1982. http://www.dantecollection.com/index.php?id=1496&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=23231&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6710&tx_ttnews%5Btag%5D=23246&cHash=924a4151e82dc0302c4aa6864fac29a7 [Erişim: 26.04.2022].
139. The Dante Collection (b). La Divina Commedia dipinta da Achille Incerti. Milan, Mazzotta, 1988. http://www.dantecollection.com/index.php?id=1496&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=23231&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6605&tx_ttnews%5Btag%5D=23246&cHash=f5aa4cd713a8fd1246d5e3e7e8b5a19a [Erişim: 25.04.2022].
140. The University of Edinburgh Library. Jami’ al-Tawarikh (World History). Alternate Title: Compendium of Chronicles. Shelfmark: Or.Ms.20. https://images.is.ed.ac.uk/luna/servlet/detail/UoEsha~4~4~64742~103064;JSESSIONID=796df692-5140-43db-afe8-f5274aa8d808?qvq=q%3Arashid&mi=0&trs=399 [Erişim: 02.05.2022].
141. The Fralin Museum of Art University of Virginia. The Inferno after the fresco in the Composanto Monumentale in Pisa. https://collection.museum.virginia.edu/objects-1/info/191 [Erişim: 28.04.2022].
142. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (a). Mohammed and the Monk Sergius 1508 Lucas van Leyden Netherlandish. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/351298 [Erişim: 14.03.2021].
143. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (b). The Inferno according to Dante, after the Last Judgement fresco in the Campo Santo, Pisa. ca. 1470–80, Anonymous, Italian, Florentine, 15th century Italian. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/693797 [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
144. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (c). The Inferno according to Dante, after the Last Judgment fresco in the Campo Santo, Pisa. ca. 1460–80. Anonymous, Italian, Florentine, 15th century. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/693798 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
145. The Morgan Library & Museum. Divina Commedia, MS M.676. https://www.themorgan.org/collection/dante-alighieri/divina-commedia [Erişim: 19.09.2021].
146. The Morgan Library & Museum (a). Divina Commedia, MS M.676, Fol39r. https://www.themorgan.org/dante-alighieri/divina-commedia/79 [Erişim: 19.09.2021].
147. The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) (a). Robert Rauschenberg Canto XXVIII: Circle Eight, Bolgia 9, The Sowers of Discord: The Sowers of Religious and Political Discord Between Kinsmen from the series Thirty-Four Illustrations for Dante's Inferno (1959-60). https://www.moma.org/collection/works/36739?association=series&page=1&parent_id=36719&sov_referrer=association [Erişim: 31.03.2021].
148. The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) (b). Thirty-Four Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/series/36719 [Erişim: 26.04.2021].
149. The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) (a). Illustration to Dante. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/collection/international/print/b/blake/dante.html [Erişim: 31.03.2021].
150. The National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) (b). The Schismatics and Sowers of Discord: Mohammed (1824-1827) illustration for The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri (Inferno XXVIII, 19-42) William Blake. https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/26912/ [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
151. The Rijksmuseum Research Library. Dante, illustrations to the Divine Comedy, executed by the Flemish artist Jo. Stradanus 1587, and reproduced in phototype from the originals existing in the Laurentian Library of Florence. https://library.rijksmuseum.nl/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=32750 [Erişim: 30.03.2021].
152. The University of Texas at Austin, Dante's Inferno - Circle 8, subcircles 7-10, cantos 24-30. http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/circle8b.html#mohammed [Erişim: 18.03.2021].
153. Thomson, I. (28 Ağustos, 2018). Debt and damnation: Islam in Dante. Standpoint. https://standpointmag.co.uk/critique-ian-thomson-islam-influence-on-dante-divine-comedy/ [Erişim: 10.03.2021].
154. Toynbee, P. (1968) (a). “Toynbee "Bello, Geri del”. A dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante. Oxford University Press. Aktaran: Princeton Dante Project. https://dante.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/dante/DispToynbeeByTitOrId.pl?INP_ID=215992# [Erişim: 08.05.2022].
155. Toynbee, P. (1968) (b). “Dolcin, Fra”. A dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante. Oxford University Press. Aktaran: Princeton Dante Project. https://dante.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/dante/DispToynbeeByTitOrId.pl?INP_ID=201820# [Erişim: 25.03.2021].
156. Truman State University The Missouri Folklore Society. A complete folio: Barry Moser's illustrations for Inferno (transl. Allen Mandelbaum, Bantam Classics, 1980). http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/illuminations%20website/inferno/moser/moser.html [Erişim: 27.04.2021].
157. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. BEL‘AMÎ, Ebû Ali. http://ktp2.isam.org.tr/pdfdkm/?blm=dosyabak&MaddeKodu=020580 [Erişim: 19.09.2021].
158. Unesco Word Heritage Center. Piazza del Duomo, Pisa. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/395/ [Erişim: 01.04.2021].
159. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign The College of Liberal Arts & Sciences. Inferno. http://faculty.las.illinois.edu/rrushing/241/ewExternalFiles/Inferno%204.pdf [Erişim: 27.03.2021].
160. University of Michigan M Library, What is an Antiphonary?. https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/singing-the-antiphonary--mich-/the-manuscript [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
161. Vasari, G. (2018). Le Vite De Piu Eccellenti Pittori, Scultori Ed Architetti [İlk basım tarihi 1550’dir. Luciano Bellosi ve Aldo Rossi küratörlüğünde Torino’da 1986 yılındaki baskının, 2018 yılında dijital edisyonu yapılmıştır]. https://archive.org/details/vasari-giorgio.-le-vite-de-piu-eccellenti-pittori-scultori-ed-architetti-1986-2018/page/150/mode/2up?q=dante [Erişim: 27.04.2022].
162. Veronasettimocielo. (06 Mart 2015). Basilica di Bologna - Dante’s Hell and Cassini’s Meridian Line, https://veronasettimocielo.wordpress.com/2015/03/06/basilica-di-bologna-dantes-hell-and-cassinis-meridian-line/ [Erişim: 08.04.2021].
163. Viscardi, A. (1970). Bertram dal Bornio. Enciclopedia Dantesca. https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bertram-dal-bornio_%28Enciclopedia-Dantesca%29/ [Erişim: 08.05.2022].
164. White, J. (1993). Art and Architecture in Italy 1250-1400: The Decoration of the Camposanto in Pisa. Buonamico Buffalmacco | Gli affreschi del Campo Santo. Traveling in Tuscany. http://www.travelingintuscany.com/arte/buonamicobuffalmacco/camposantopisa.htm [Erişim: 21.04.2022].
165. Williams, R. D. (1999). Virgil. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.https://www.britannica.com/biography/Virgil [Erişim: 03.05.2021].
166. WorthPoint. French Drawings Rico Lebrun 'Drawings For Dante’s Inferno’ 1963, 17.5" X 13". https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/french-drawings-rico-lebrun-drawings-1877181031 [Erişim: 20.04.2022].
167. Yale University Art Gallery. Ronald Leroy Kowalke, The Heretics - Canto XXVIII, from the portfolio Dante’s Inferno, 1970. https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/163118 [Erişim: 12.04.2022].
168. Yale University Library. La commedia / [with commentary by Cristoforo Landino]. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/2057273 [Erişim: 23.04.2022].
169. Yazıcı, T. (1992). Bel‘Amî, Ebû Ali Târîḫ-i Ṭaberî tercümesiyle meşhur olan Sâmânî veziri. Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. (5): 390. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/belami-ebu-ali [Erişim: 12.04.2021].
170. Yıldırım, N. (2009). Ardavirâfnâme ve İlahi Komedya. Doğu Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(5):5-41. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1045561 [Erişim: 18.04.2022].