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Phrygialı Aziz Tryphōn: Hagiografik Geleneği, Kültünün Kökenleri ve Bizans Sanatındaki İkonografik Temsilleri

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 729 - 759, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.1716170

Abstract

Erken Hristiyanlık Dönemi, Anadolu’nun Hristiyanlaşma sürecinin en dikkat çekici ve dönüştürücü evrelerinden biridir. İsa Mesih’in öğretilerini benimseyen havariler ve müritleri, bu yeni inancı tanıtmak ve yaymak adına büyük bir özveriyle hareket etmişlerdir. Anadolu’nun farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan Paganlar ve Yahudiler, yüzyıllar içinde Hristiyanlığın artan etkileriyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Hristiyanlığın toplum içinde yayılmasından rahatsız olan Yahudi toplulukları, zamanla Roma yönetimini İsa Mesih’e inananlara karşı kışkırtarak onların çeşitli cezalar almalarına neden olmuşlardır.
Bu süreçte, İsa Mesih ve havarilerin izinden giden birçok dinî figür Erken Hristiyanlık Dönemi’nde öne çıkarak inançlarını yayma uğruna büyük fedakârlıklar göstermiştir. Bu liderlerin yaşam öyküleri ve öğretileri, yalnızca Hristiyanlığı benimseyen figürler olmadıklarını, yaşadıkları coğrafyanın kültürel ve toplumsal izlerini de taşıdıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Özellikle Anadolu’nun kırsal bölgelerindeki Pagan geleneklerin ve yerel inanışların, Hristiyan pratiklerle iç içe geçtiği anlaşılmaktadır.
Bu bağlamda, Phrygia kırsalında küçük bir köyde doğan Aziz Tryphōn, III. yüzyıl Anadolu’sunun en önemli Hristiyan figürleri arasında görülür. Hayatı boyunca özellikle şifacılığı ve mucizeleriyle tanınan Tryphōn, “anargyros” yani ihsan eden sıfatıyla anılan azizlerden biri olmuştur. Erken dönem Hristiyan şeytan kovucularından biri olarak da öne çıkan Aziz’in, Hristiyan inancına göre en büyük mucizelerinden biri, Roma İmparatoru Gordianus’un (İS. 238-244) kızını ele geçiren iblisi kovarak genç kızı iyileştirmesidir. Bu olay, Aziz Tryphōn’un şöhretinin halk arasında hızla yayılmasını sağlamış ve onun Anadolu’daki Hristiyan misyonerlik faaliyetlerinde etkili bir figür olarak anılmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Ancak İmparator Decius’un (İS. 249-251) Hristiyanlara karşı politikaları, Aziz Tryphōn’un da Roma İmparatorluğu tarafından tehdit olarak görülmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. İnancından vazgeçmeyi reddeden Aziz, Nikaia’da (günümüz İznik) çeşitli işkencelere maruz kalmış ve başı kesilerek martyr edilmiştir.
Aziz Tryphōn’un kültü yalnızca şifa mucizeleri ile sınırlı kalmamıştır. Phrygia gibi bağcılığıyla ünlü bir coğrafyada yaşadığı için, halk arasında üzüm ve bağlarla özdeşleşen bir figür haline gelmesini de sağlamıştır. Verimli toprakları ve üzüm bağlarıyla ünlü olan bu bölgede, Aziz Tryphōn’un bağların ve bağcılığın koruyucusu olarak kabul edilmesi oldukça dikkat çekicidir. İkonografik tasvirlerinde sıklıkla bir asma yaprağı ya da “kladeutērion” olarak adlandırılan budama bıçağıyla betimlenmesi, Aziz Tryphōn’un bağcılıkla olan derin ve sembolik ilişkisini de açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Bu semboller, kadim Anadolu kültüründe şarap ve üzümle özdeşleşen Pagan tanrısı Dionysos ile Hristiyan azizi Tryphōn arasında belirli paralellikler kurulduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda, Hristiyanlık öncesi inançlardan miras kalan bazı motiflerin ve pratiklerin, Aziz Tryphōn’un kültü içinde yaşamaya devam ettiği görülmektedir.
Orta Bizans Dönemi’nde kırsal kimliğiyle öne çıkan Aziz Tryphōn, Nikaia’da zambak çiçeği mucizesi gerçekleştirmiştir. İmparator II. Theodoros Laskaris Devri’nde yaşanan mucize, dönemin sikkelerinde zambak motifi ve Aziz Tryphōn tasviri ile kendini göstermiş, Aziz’e ait kültün Laskarisler Devri’ndeki kutsallığını vurgulamıştır.
Öte yandan, kırsal bölgelerde tarım ve hayvancılıkla geçinen köy halkı, Aziz Tryphōn’u onurlandırmak amacıyla onun adına çeşitli mabetler inşa etmiştir. Bu yapılar, yalnızca dinî işlevleriyle değil, ikonografik programlarıyla da dikkat çekmektedir. Aziz Tryphōn’un yanı sıra kırsal yaşamla özdeşleşen diğer azizlerin tasvirlerine de yer verilen bu yapılar, halkın dinî ve kültürel yaşamında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Aziz Tryphōn’un tarımsal bereketle ilişkilendirilmesi, onu şifacılığının yanında kırsal yaşamın koruyucusu olarak da öne çıkarmıştır.
Çalışma kapsamında, Aziz Tryphōn’un Hristiyanlık tarihindeki yeri, mucizeleri, ikonografik temsilleri ve inanç pratikleri üzerindeki etkisi ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, Anadolu ve Balkanlar’daki kırsal hayat ve bağcılıkla ilişkisi üzerinden, azize atfedilen kültün kökenleri incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir.

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Saint Tryphōn of Phrygia: Hagiographical Tradition, Origins of His Cult and Iconographic Representations in Byzantine Art

Year 2025, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 729 - 759, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.1716170

Abstract

This study focuses on Saint Tryphōn, an important figure in Anatolia during the early Christian period. Saint Tryphōn, born in the Phrygian countryside, was particularly known as a healer and miracle-worker, and belonged to a group of people known as “anargyros” (bestower). His most important miracle was the healing of the daughter of the Emperor Gordian by casting out the demon that had possessed her. This event caused the saint’s fame to spread and the Christian faith to be embraced more and more by the people. However, the persecution of Christians by the Emperor Decius meant that St Tryphōn was perceived as a threat by the Roman Empire, and the saint was eventually executed and martyred in Nicaea. St. Tryphōn’s association with viniculture made him known as the protector of vineyards and associated with Dionysus, an ancient god of Anatolia. During the reign of Emperor Theodoros II Doukas Laskaris, lilies miraculously bloomed in his sanctuary in the city of Nicaea, of which he was the patron, and coins of the time featured the saint and lily motifs. Not only in Anatolia, but also in the rural areas of the Balkan geography, the inhabitants built many shrines dedicated to Saint Tryphōn with iconographic representations of the saint in order to honour him. The paper examines the role of Saint Tryphōn in the history of Anatolian Christianity, his place in Byzantine depictions and iconography, his influence on people’s religious practices, and his links with rural life.

Thanks

I would like to thank Elmas Çalım and Emre Çalım for proof-reading of the paper.

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There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Art History
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Settar Tarman 0000-0001-8623-6062

Submission Date June 9, 2025
Acceptance Date September 7, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tarman, S. (2025). Saint Tryphōn of Phrygia: Hagiographical Tradition, Origins of His Cult and Iconographic Representations in Byzantine Art. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 34(2), 729-759. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.1716170