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Depictions of the Ark of Noah and the Giant Uj In Kulliyat-i Tarikhi of Hafız-i Abru (Style and Iconography)

Year 2020, , 567 - 587, 16.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.691468

Abstract

In Islamic Art, the tradition of depicting texts of history took shape in Tabriz from the very beginning of the 14th century. In the 15th century, Herat School of illustration revived this tradition and continued the production of works of illustrated manuscripts. Having been written by the order of Shahrukh, included the general history of the world and prophets, Kulliyat-Tarikhi was compiled in Herat, one of the most productive centers of art in the Timurid period. The work of art is preserved in the library of Topkapı Palace Library (Baghdad 282). In this article, firstly codicological features of the book were defined and detailed information was given as to the content of the illustration program of the book. The depiction of Noah’s Ark and the ‘Uj’ in the book was compared with other illustrated manuscripts in the 14th-15th century. From this respect, this study is crucial for us in terms of seeing the formation of the illustration program of historical texts including Noah’s Ark and their influence on the development process in the 16th century. Gathering and studying images about Noah’s Flood in the works of Islamic art of painting including the history of prophets in the 14th and 15th centuries will contribute to the literature of History of Art, as it is an up-to-date study.

Thanks

I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Zeren Tanındı, Prof. Dr. Serpil Bağcı, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülün Değirmenci Tural, Zeynep Çelik Atbaş, and Dr. Ender Özbay for their support.

References

  • Aka, İ. (2012). Timurlular, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 41, s.177-180), İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. [URL: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/timurlular#1]
  • Akimushkin. O.F. (1997). ‘The Lıbrary-Workshop (Kıtâbkhana) of Bâysunghur-Mîrzâ ın Herat’, Manuscripta Orientalia, International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research, Cilt 3 (1), 14, 1 March, St. Petersburg-Helsinki.
  • Bozkurt. N. (2012). Ûc b. Unuk, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 42, s.34-35), İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. [URL: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/uc-b-unuk]
  • Blair, S. (1995). A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din’s Illustrated History of the World, London: Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press
  • Çağman, F., Tanındı, Z. (1979). Topkapı Saray Müzesi İslam Minyatürleri, İstanbul: Ali Reza Başkan Güzel Sanatlar Matbaası A.Ş.
  • Diez Albums. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Digitised Collections. 2020. (URL: https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/)
  • Ettinghausen, R. (1955). ‘An illuminated manuscript of Hāfiz-i Abrū in Istanbul, part I.’ Kunst des Orients 2 (Oct. 1955), 30–44,
  • Fitzherbert, T. (2001). ‘Balʿami’s Tabari: An illustrated manuscript of Balʿami’s Tarjama-yi tārīkh-i Ṭabari in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington (F59.16, 47.19 and 30.21)’, PhD. diss., University of Edinburgh
  • Ghiasian, M.R. (2018a). ‘The Topkapı manuscript of the Jamiʿ al-tawarikh (Hazine 1654) from Rashidiya to the Ottoman court: A preliminary analysis’, Iranian Studies 51, no.3. 399-425
  • Ghiasian, M.R. (2018b). Lives of the Prophets The Illustrations to Hâfiz-i Abrû’s “Assembly of Chronicles”, Leide/London: Brıll
  • Gray, B. (1979). ‘History of miniature painting: The fourteenth century’, In The arts of the book in Central Asia 14th–16th centuries, Paris: Shambhala.
  • Grube, E. J., Sims, E. (1979). ‘The school of Herat from 1400 to 1450’. In The arts of the book in Central Asia 14th–16th centuries, (ed. Basil Gray), 147–78, Paris: Shambhala
  • Hâfiz-i Abrû, Kulliyat-i Tarikhi, Topkapı Saray Müze Kütüphanesi B.282
  • Inal, G. (1963). ‘Some miniatures of the Jamiʿ al-Tavarikh in Istanbul, Topkapi Museum, Hazine Library No. 1654’, Ars Orientalis 5: 163–75
  • Inal, G. (1991). Türk Minyatür Sanatı (Başlangıcından Osmanlılara Kadar), Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi
  • Karatay, F. (1961). Topkapı Saray Müze Kütüphanesindeki Farsça Yazmalar Kataloğu, İstanbul
  • Lambton, A.K. (1978). ‘Early Timurid Theories of State: Hāfız Abrū and Nizām al-Dīn Šāmī’, Bulletin d’Études Orientales Cilt 2: 1-9
  • Lentz, T., Lowry, G. (1989). Timur And The Pincely Vision, Washington, D.C: Los Angeles County Library of Art
  • Manz, B. F. (2007). Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Tufis University, Cambridge University Press
  • Biçer Özcan, Ş. (2007). Timur Devri Herat Tezhip Ekolü (Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Geleneksel Türk El Sanatları Anasanat Dalı, Sanatta Yeterlilik Tezi.
  • Biçer Özcan, Ş. (2009). Tezhip Sanatında İhtişamlı Bir Dönem: Timur Devri Herat Üslubu. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı (s. 289-290), A. R. Özcan (Ed.). Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Robinson, B.W. (1991). Fifteenth-century Persian painting: Problems and issues, New York: New York University Press
  • Roemer, H.R. (1986). ‘The Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars’, The Cambridge History of Iran, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, (eds. P. Jackson, L. Lochhart), Cilt 6, 11-16, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Samarkandi, A. (2008). Matlaʿu’s-saʿdeyni ve Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn, Taşkent: Nevaii
  • Shani, R.Y. (2002). ‘Noah’s Ark and the ship of faith in Persian painting: From the fourteenth to the sixteenth-century’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27: 127–203
  • Sims, E., Stanley, T. (2002). ‘The Illustrations of Baghdad 282 in the Topkapı Palace Library in Istanbul’, In Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies, edited by Warwick Ball and Leonard Harrow, London: Melisende
  • Soucek, P. (1996). ‘Eskandar b. ‘Omar Sayh b. Timur: A Biography’, Oriente Moderno, XV:81-82
  • Stchoukine, I.(1954). Les peintures des manuscrits Tîmûrides, Paris: P. Geuthner
  • Taberi, (1991). Milletler ve Hükümdarlar Tarihi I, (Çev: Zakir Kadiri Ugan-Ahmed Temir), İstanbul, MEB, C.I. 245
  • Tanındı, Z. (1999). ‘An Illuminated Manuscript of th Wandering Scholar Ibn Al-Jazari and the Wandering İlluminators Between Tabriz, Shiraz, Herat, Bursa, Edirne, İstanbul in the 15th Century’ 10th International Congress of Turkish Art, Cenevre, 17-23 September, Ceneve, Ed. François Déroche, Ceneve: Fondation Max Van Berchem, 647-657.
  • Tauer, F. (1932). ‘Les Manuscrits persans Hıstorıques des Bibliotheques De Stamboul’, Tırages a Part de Archıv Orıentalnı, Journal of the Czechoslovak Orıental Instıtute Prague, Prague: 97-98.
  • Tauer, F. (1965). ‘Timurlular Devrinde Tarihçilik” (Çev. A. Ateş), Belleten, XXIX: 53-57, Ankara: TTK
  • Tauer, F., Afşâr, İ. (2005). ‘İstanbul Kütüphanelerinde bulunan Farsça Tarih Yazmaları’, Prof. Dr. Ramazan Şeşen Armağanı (Çev. O.G.Özgüdenli- A. Erdoğan), 290-291, İstanbul: İSAR
  • The David Colection. The Timurids and the Turkmen: Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran - Item no. 8 of 38 (Miniature from Hafiz-i Abru’s Majma al-tawarikh. “Noah’s Ark”). 2005. (URL:https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/timurids-and-turkmen/art/8-2005)
  • The Khalili Collections. Noah’s Ark, from The Jami‘ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din - MSS 727 Folio 45a. 2020. (URL: https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-the-jami-al-tawarikh-of-rashid-al-din-mss727-folio-45a/)
  • The Qur‘an English Meanings. (1997). English Revised and Edited by Saheeh İnternational, Abul-Qasım Publishing House.
  • Togan, Z.V. (1960). Londra ve Tahrandaki İslami Yazmalardan Bazılarına Dair. İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi, Cilt 3, Part 1-2, 144, İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası.
  • Uluç. L. (2013). ‘An Iskandarnâma of Nızamı Produced for İbrahım Sultan.’ Mukarnas:30, 235-253.
  • Yüksel, M.Ş. (2009). Timurlularda Din-Devlet İlişkisi, Ankara: TTK
  • Woods, J.E. (1987). ‘The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Apr), 81-108, ABD: The University of Chicago Press.

Hâfız-ı Ebrû’nun Külliyat-ı Tarih Eserinde Nûh’un Gemisi ve Ûc b. Unuk Tasviri (Üslup Ve İkonografi)

Year 2020, , 567 - 587, 16.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.691468

Abstract

İslam sanatında tarih metinlerini resmetme geleneği XIV. yüzyıl başından itibaren Tebriz’de şekillenmiştir. XV. yüzyılda Herat Resim Okulu bu geleneği yeniden canlandırmış, resimli el yazma eser üretimini devam ettirmiştir. Şâhruh’un emriyle hazırlanan, peygamberler ve genel dünya tarihini içeren Külliyat­-ı Tarih eseri Timurlu döneminin en verimli sanat merkezlerinden biri olan Herat’ta telif edilmiştir. Eser Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Bağdat 282) korunmaktadır. Bu makalede, öncelikle kitabın kodikolojik özellikleri tanımlanmış, eserin resim programının içeriği hakkında detaylı bilgi verilmiştir. Eserde yer alan Nûh’un gemisi ve Ûc bin Unuk tasviri XIV-XV. yüzyıla ait diğer resimli el yazmalarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma bu yönüyle, Nûh’un gemisini anlatan tarihi metinlerin resim programının oluşumu ve XV. yüzyıldaki gelişim süreçlerine etkisini görmemiz açısından önemlidir. XIV-XV. yüzyıl peygamberler tarihini içeren İslam resim sanatı eserlerinde Nuh tufanı konusuyla ilgili imgelerin bir araya getirilmesi ve irdelenmesi güncel bir çalışma olması bakımından sanat tarihi alanında literatüre, umuyoruz ki, katkıda bulunacaktır.

References

  • Aka, İ. (2012). Timurlular, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 41, s.177-180), İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. [URL: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/timurlular#1]
  • Akimushkin. O.F. (1997). ‘The Lıbrary-Workshop (Kıtâbkhana) of Bâysunghur-Mîrzâ ın Herat’, Manuscripta Orientalia, International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research, Cilt 3 (1), 14, 1 March, St. Petersburg-Helsinki.
  • Bozkurt. N. (2012). Ûc b. Unuk, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 42, s.34-35), İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. [URL: https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/uc-b-unuk]
  • Blair, S. (1995). A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din’s Illustrated History of the World, London: Nour Foundation in Association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press
  • Çağman, F., Tanındı, Z. (1979). Topkapı Saray Müzesi İslam Minyatürleri, İstanbul: Ali Reza Başkan Güzel Sanatlar Matbaası A.Ş.
  • Diez Albums. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Digitised Collections. 2020. (URL: https://digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/)
  • Ettinghausen, R. (1955). ‘An illuminated manuscript of Hāfiz-i Abrū in Istanbul, part I.’ Kunst des Orients 2 (Oct. 1955), 30–44,
  • Fitzherbert, T. (2001). ‘Balʿami’s Tabari: An illustrated manuscript of Balʿami’s Tarjama-yi tārīkh-i Ṭabari in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington (F59.16, 47.19 and 30.21)’, PhD. diss., University of Edinburgh
  • Ghiasian, M.R. (2018a). ‘The Topkapı manuscript of the Jamiʿ al-tawarikh (Hazine 1654) from Rashidiya to the Ottoman court: A preliminary analysis’, Iranian Studies 51, no.3. 399-425
  • Ghiasian, M.R. (2018b). Lives of the Prophets The Illustrations to Hâfiz-i Abrû’s “Assembly of Chronicles”, Leide/London: Brıll
  • Gray, B. (1979). ‘History of miniature painting: The fourteenth century’, In The arts of the book in Central Asia 14th–16th centuries, Paris: Shambhala.
  • Grube, E. J., Sims, E. (1979). ‘The school of Herat from 1400 to 1450’. In The arts of the book in Central Asia 14th–16th centuries, (ed. Basil Gray), 147–78, Paris: Shambhala
  • Hâfiz-i Abrû, Kulliyat-i Tarikhi, Topkapı Saray Müze Kütüphanesi B.282
  • Inal, G. (1963). ‘Some miniatures of the Jamiʿ al-Tavarikh in Istanbul, Topkapi Museum, Hazine Library No. 1654’, Ars Orientalis 5: 163–75
  • Inal, G. (1991). Türk Minyatür Sanatı (Başlangıcından Osmanlılara Kadar), Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi
  • Karatay, F. (1961). Topkapı Saray Müze Kütüphanesindeki Farsça Yazmalar Kataloğu, İstanbul
  • Lambton, A.K. (1978). ‘Early Timurid Theories of State: Hāfız Abrū and Nizām al-Dīn Šāmī’, Bulletin d’Études Orientales Cilt 2: 1-9
  • Lentz, T., Lowry, G. (1989). Timur And The Pincely Vision, Washington, D.C: Los Angeles County Library of Art
  • Manz, B. F. (2007). Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Tufis University, Cambridge University Press
  • Biçer Özcan, Ş. (2007). Timur Devri Herat Tezhip Ekolü (Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Geleneksel Türk El Sanatları Anasanat Dalı, Sanatta Yeterlilik Tezi.
  • Biçer Özcan, Ş. (2009). Tezhip Sanatında İhtişamlı Bir Dönem: Timur Devri Herat Üslubu. Hat ve Tezhip Sanatı (s. 289-290), A. R. Özcan (Ed.). Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Robinson, B.W. (1991). Fifteenth-century Persian painting: Problems and issues, New York: New York University Press
  • Roemer, H.R. (1986). ‘The Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars’, The Cambridge History of Iran, The Timurid and Safavid Periods, (eds. P. Jackson, L. Lochhart), Cilt 6, 11-16, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Samarkandi, A. (2008). Matlaʿu’s-saʿdeyni ve Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn, Taşkent: Nevaii
  • Shani, R.Y. (2002). ‘Noah’s Ark and the ship of faith in Persian painting: From the fourteenth to the sixteenth-century’, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 27: 127–203
  • Sims, E., Stanley, T. (2002). ‘The Illustrations of Baghdad 282 in the Topkapı Palace Library in Istanbul’, In Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies, edited by Warwick Ball and Leonard Harrow, London: Melisende
  • Soucek, P. (1996). ‘Eskandar b. ‘Omar Sayh b. Timur: A Biography’, Oriente Moderno, XV:81-82
  • Stchoukine, I.(1954). Les peintures des manuscrits Tîmûrides, Paris: P. Geuthner
  • Taberi, (1991). Milletler ve Hükümdarlar Tarihi I, (Çev: Zakir Kadiri Ugan-Ahmed Temir), İstanbul, MEB, C.I. 245
  • Tanındı, Z. (1999). ‘An Illuminated Manuscript of th Wandering Scholar Ibn Al-Jazari and the Wandering İlluminators Between Tabriz, Shiraz, Herat, Bursa, Edirne, İstanbul in the 15th Century’ 10th International Congress of Turkish Art, Cenevre, 17-23 September, Ceneve, Ed. François Déroche, Ceneve: Fondation Max Van Berchem, 647-657.
  • Tauer, F. (1932). ‘Les Manuscrits persans Hıstorıques des Bibliotheques De Stamboul’, Tırages a Part de Archıv Orıentalnı, Journal of the Czechoslovak Orıental Instıtute Prague, Prague: 97-98.
  • Tauer, F. (1965). ‘Timurlular Devrinde Tarihçilik” (Çev. A. Ateş), Belleten, XXIX: 53-57, Ankara: TTK
  • Tauer, F., Afşâr, İ. (2005). ‘İstanbul Kütüphanelerinde bulunan Farsça Tarih Yazmaları’, Prof. Dr. Ramazan Şeşen Armağanı (Çev. O.G.Özgüdenli- A. Erdoğan), 290-291, İstanbul: İSAR
  • The David Colection. The Timurids and the Turkmen: Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran - Item no. 8 of 38 (Miniature from Hafiz-i Abru’s Majma al-tawarikh. “Noah’s Ark”). 2005. (URL:https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/timurids-and-turkmen/art/8-2005)
  • The Khalili Collections. Noah’s Ark, from The Jami‘ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din - MSS 727 Folio 45a. 2020. (URL: https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-the-jami-al-tawarikh-of-rashid-al-din-mss727-folio-45a/)
  • The Qur‘an English Meanings. (1997). English Revised and Edited by Saheeh İnternational, Abul-Qasım Publishing House.
  • Togan, Z.V. (1960). Londra ve Tahrandaki İslami Yazmalardan Bazılarına Dair. İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi, Cilt 3, Part 1-2, 144, İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası.
  • Uluç. L. (2013). ‘An Iskandarnâma of Nızamı Produced for İbrahım Sultan.’ Mukarnas:30, 235-253.
  • Yüksel, M.Ş. (2009). Timurlularda Din-Devlet İlişkisi, Ankara: TTK
  • Woods, J.E. (1987). ‘The Rise of Tīmūrid Historiography’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Apr), 81-108, ABD: The University of Chicago Press.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section RESEARCH
Authors

Gulzoda Makhmudjonova 0000-0001-7758-9210

Publication Date November 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Makhmudjonova, G. (2020). Depictions of the Ark of Noah and the Giant Uj In Kulliyat-i Tarikhi of Hafız-i Abru (Style and Iconography). Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 29(2), 567-587. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.691468