19. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren küçük bir Tahtacı-Alevi topluluğunun mesken tuttuğu Yaka yerleşiminin (İzmir–Güzelbahçe) eski mezarlığında incelenen, 19 ve 20. yy.’lara ait 466 mezar taşı içinde 114 kadın baş taşı gözlemlenen bazı farklı özellik ve motifler dolayısıyla ayrı bir değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Bu özellikler geleneksel Tahtacı giyim-kuşamı ve inançlarıyla ilgili sembolik mahiyettedir. Öte yandan özellikle erkek baş taşlarına kıyasla, heykelsi özellik taşımadıkları halde genel biçim, bölümlenme ve motiflerin simgesel ve sembolik mahiyetler taşıdığı dikkat çekmiştir. Kadın baş taşlarının “İnsan biçimine ilişkin çağrışım etkileri” kazıma-kabartma teknikleriyle oluşturulan bölümlerin ve motiflerin simgesellikleri ve kompozisyonların etkisiyle sağlanmıştır. Taşlar ön yüzleri yukarıdan aşağıya üç ana bölümlüdür: 1. Tepe şekli sivri kemer ya da bitki kıvrımlı olabilen, her durumda yüzeyi çeşitli bitkisel öğelerle doldurulan bir bölüm (“taç”); 2. Üstü yuvarlak kemer, altta bir diyagonal silme hatlarıyla sınırlanmış, yüzeyi takı-kuşam nesnelerini betimleyen kabartma motiflerle dekore edilmiş bir bölüm (“alınlık”); 3. Genellikle diyagonal pozisyonda kartuşların alt alta yer aldığı yazılı bölüm (“kitabelik”). Bu düzenlemenin yanı sıra taşların üç boyutlu olarak ele alınıp bir kısmının arka yüzeylerine motifler işlenmiş olması da önemlidir. Yüzeye işlenen motif ve kompozisyonlar ise ana hatlarıyla İnsan Biçimine İlişkin (Antropomorfik) Beti [Belik (Örgülü Saç)] motifleri; Takı-Kuşam motifleri; Giyim-Kuşam motifleri; Eşya/Nesne motifleridir. Bu motiflerin belirli bölümlere yerleştirilmiş olduğu, taşın bütününe antropomorfik bir çağrışım kazandırdıkları ve sembolik derinlikler taşıdıkları anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmamız, alan yazınına, repertuar-örneklem katkısının yanı sıra yaklaşım ve terminoloji önerisi de sunma gayesindedir.
Tahtacı Alevi mezar taşları İzmir belikli mezar taşı antropomorfi kemerbest Osmanlı mezar taşları sembolizm giyim-kuşam saç örgüsü
Bu çalışma Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından desteklenen, "İzmir - Güzelbahçe, Yaka Köyü Tahtacı Mezar Taşlarında Motif Repertuarı" başlıklı, 30763 numaralı Kariyer Başlangıç Destek Projesi'nden elde edilen sonuçlarla üretilmiştir.
Ege Üniversitesi
SB-KBP-2023-30763
This article is based on a field study conducted following necessary steps such as archival literature review, visual and verbal data collection, feasibility studies, and official procedures. The identified tombstones were photographed, their characteristics and Ottoman inscriptions were recorded; a comprehensive catalog, detailed Excel tables, and graphs were prepared in digital format. Drawings of specific stones were also created. Finally, discussions and evaluations were conducted considering historical sources and information, along with literature comparisons. In the old cemetery of the Yaka settlement (Güzelbahçe, İzmir), which has been inhabited by a small group of Takhtadji-Alawite since the early 19th century, 466 tombstones from the 19th and 20th centuries were examined. Among these, 114 female head-stones were evaluated separately due to their distinct features and motifs. It was observed that these features carried symbolic meanings related to traditional Takhtadji clothing and beliefs. Furthermore, although they do not possess sculptural qualities compared to male headstones, the overall forms, subdivisions, and motifs carried symbolic and metaphorical significance, which became the focal point of the study. In the Takhtadji cemetery of Yaka, the female head-stones exhibited “associative effects related to human form,” despite the absence of sculptural arrangements. This was achieved through the symbolism of sections and motifs created with carving and relief techniques, as well as the impact of the compositions. As illustrated in the drawings of the female headstones, the surface is perceived to have three main sections from top to bottom: 1) A top section which its upper line can be formed with variants of pointed arch-shape or plant-curved, and its surface is always filled with various vegetal ornamentation (“crown”; “top”); 2) One below, a section which its upper line formed with rounded arch-shaped molding, and separated below by a straight or diagonal band, decorated with relief motifs depicting jewelry and adornments, including a plant motif that is not dominant in the composition (“forehead”); 3. At the bottom, the widest, vertical section is filled with inscription cartouches generally arranged in diagonal position (“inscription section”) (“inscription section”). In addition to this design, the three-dimensional consideration of the stones and the motifs carved on some of their backs are also significant. The motifs and compositions can be categorized as follows: Anthropomorphic Group [Braided Hair (Belik)]; Jewelry Group [Gold/Bead Sequence (Koşar), Single Forehead Ornament (Mahmudiye); Cheek jewel (Dulukçalık/Dulluk); Amulet/Talisman, (Muskalık/Tılsım); Necklace; Tomaka, a composite chin-head jewelry/dress specific to traditional belief; a temple/ earlock accessory perperi/zülüflük; shackle / dangling thin chains]; Clothing Group [Head Cover (Keten Kulağı); a back ribbon / scarf (uzun çeki); Fatima’s Belt and Buckle (kemerbest)]; Object Group [Saddlebag/Pouch; Bow/Knot/Ribbon]. It is understood that these motifs and decorations are placed in specific sections and generally represent body parts of a woman, thus giving an anthropomorphic definition-meaning-identity to the overall stone. All subjects related to these stones, which are characterized by intense symbolism and technical expertise, share a deep conceptual “dictionary” that encompasses the dynamics and residues of a multifaceted cultural journey spanning a long time and wide geography. However, we have no information about the artists of these stone works, although there are notable similarities in design principles and craftsmanship with gravestones from other Tahtacı settlements such as Doğançay, Yakapınar, and Narlıdere. Our study aims to contribute to the literature, offer a repertoire-sample, and propose new approaches and terminology.
Tahtaci tombstones Izmir braided tombstone anthropomorphy traditional belt Takhtadji Ottoman tambstones anthropomorphism symbolism traditional clothing Alawite Smyrna
This study was produced with the results obtained from the Career Start Support Project numbered 30763, titled "Motif Repertoire on Tahtacı Gravestones of İzmir - Güzelbahçe, Yaka Village", supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Office.
Ege University
SB-KBP-2023-30763
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Subjects | Islamic Arts, Art History, Art History, Theory and Criticism (Other) |
Journal Section | RESEARCH |
Authors | |
Project Number | SB-KBP-2023-30763 |
Publication Date | December 31, 2024 |
Submission Date | March 23, 2024 |
Acceptance Date | November 23, 2024 |
Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 33 Issue: 2 |