Examination of Risk and Protective Factors in Adolescent Peer Bullying: A Meta-Analysis Study

Nurten Elkin; Ayşe Gülçin Özçelik; Bedriye Çelik Kanca; Hasan Kütük

doi:10.17942/sted.1584167

Araştırma Makalesi

Examination of Risk and Protective Factors in Adolescent Peer Bullying: A Meta-Analysis Study

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 5, 353 - 365, 17.11.2025

Nurten Elkin , Ayşe Gülçin Özçelik , Bedriye Çelik Kanca , Hasan Kütük

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between peer bullying and protective and risk factors in adolescents.
Materials and Methods: In this study, studies conducted between 2014 and 2024 that investigated the relationship between peer bullying and risk factors and protective factors in adolescents aged 12-18 years were used. To determine the studies to be included in the meta-analysis, PubMed, Academic Google, Web Of Science, PsycINFO, YÖK National Thesis Centre data-based literature search was conducted. A total of 2,177 sources were accessed. Studies that didn't meet the inclusion criteria were eliminated and a meta-analysis was performed with k=12 studies.
Findings: A total of 19,948 adolescents were analyzed. For the gender variable, a moderate but statistically non-significant effect size was found (Cohen’s d=–0.56, p=0.51). Similarly, for parental attitude, a large but statistically non-significant effect size was observed (Cohen’s d=–1.45, p=0.21). In contrast, the analysis for social support revealed a large and statistically significant effect size (Cohen’s d=4.13, 95% CI [1.33;6.93], p=0.01). Heterogeneity tests showed high heterogeneity for all three variables.
Result: As a result of the meta-analysis study, children who receive social support are less likely to be bullied, and social support is seen as a protective factor in this case.

Anahtar Kelimeler

adolescence , risk factors , social support , meta-analysis

Kaynakça

Kar S, Choudhury A, Singh A. Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 2015;8(2):70. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.158594
Fleary S, Joseph P, Pappagianopoulos J. Adolescent health literacy and health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence 2017;62(1):116-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.010
Saul R. Adolescence and clocktime: Two modern concepts intertwined, revisited, reconsidered. Global Studies of Childhood 2016;(2):234-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610616647643
Kulaksızoğlu A. Ergenlik psikolojisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi; 2017
Olweus D. Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: A causal analysis. Developmental Psychology 1980;16(6):644–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.644
Olweus D. Bullies on the playground: The role of victimization. In C. H. Hart (Ed.), Children on playgrounds: Research perspectives and applications (pp. 85–128). State University of New York Press; 1993
Olweus D. Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, D.C. Hemisphere (Wiley); 1978
Farrington D P, Gaffney H, Lösel F, Ttofi MM. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of developmental prevention programs in reducing delinquency, aggression, and bullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2017;33:91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.11.003
American Psychology Association (APA). Bullying. Retrieved August, 17, 2022 Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/bullying
Gür N, Eray Ş, Makinecioğlu I, Siğirli D, Vural AP. Akran zorbalığı ile aile duygu dışa vurumu ve psikopatoloji arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2020;21(1):77-86.
UNESCO. International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying. 2022. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/international-day-against-violence- and-bullying-school-including-cyberbullying
Karakuş Şahbaz Y. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı: Adana İli Yüreğir İlçesi pilot çalışma. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çağ Üniversitesi; 2019
Polat F, Sohbet R. Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;15(2):41-51.
Karataş M, Ünalmış A. İlköğretim 6, 7 ve 8. sınıf öğrencileri arasında yaşanan akran zorbalığının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi, Tokat Örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2019;6(3):381-96.
Gökkaya F, Sütcü ST. Akran zorbalığının ortaokul öğrencileri arasındaki yaygınlığının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;35(1):40-54.
Ahmed B, Al-Hadithi T. Bullying among school adolescents in Erbil city of Iraq. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019;23(2):194-205. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2019.025
Chen M, Gao S, Jin Y. Does teachers’ involvement affect the extent of school bullying? Atlantis Press, 2022;870-5. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220131.158
Karakuş Ö, Altinel B, Uyaroğlu A. The relationship between peer bullying, loneliness, and social support in refugee adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 2023;36(3):228-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12417
Ulfah M, Gustina E. Bullying behavior among students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education 2020;9(3):644. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20437
Pazhouhi, S. Online and offline bullying/harassment and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among Iranian adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology 2023;38(4):333-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735231188008
Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R, Rodríguez-Barbero S, Falla D. How do you think the victims of bullying feel? A study of moral emotions in primary school. Frontiers in Psychology 2019;10:1753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01753
Valdebenito S, Ttofi M, Eisner M. Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2015;23:137–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.004
Zych I, Farrington DP, Ttofi MM. Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2019;45:4–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.008
Gómez-Ortiz O, Apolinario C, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R. The role of family in bullying and cyberbullying involvement: Examining a new typology of parental education management based on adolescents’ view of their parents. Social Sciences 2019;8(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010025
Bakioğlu A, Özcan Ş. Meta-analiz. İstanbul. Nobel Yayıncılık; 2022
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences (Rev. Ed.). New York: Academic Press; 1977
Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical Meta-Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc; 2001
Hunter JE, Schmidt FL. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. SAGE Publications, Inc; 2004
Hedges L, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. London: Academic Press; 1985
Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;1088-101.
Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;56(2):455–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
Karaçam Z. Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 2013;6(1):26-33.
Arslan E. Algılanan ebeveyn tutumu, algılanan sosyal destek ve benlik saygısının ergenlerin akran zorba davranış eğilimi ile ilişkisi. [The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitude, Perceived Social Support And Self-Esteem And Adolescents’ Tendency Towards Peer Bullying Behaviour. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]]. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi; 2018.
Çelik A. Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık düzeyleri ile algılanan sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. .[Examining The Relationship Between High School Students’ Cyberbullying Levels And Perceived Social Support Levels In Terms Of Some Variables]. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Üsküdar Üniversitesi; 2015.
Ergün N. Erken ergenlerde okul, aile ve demografik değişkenlere göre akran zorbalığının incelenmesi. [Investigation Of Peer Bullying In Early Adolescents According To School, Family And Demographic Variables]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2015.
Ertuğrul F, Eker E. Ön ergenlik döneminde zorbalık davranışı ile bazı sosyo-demografik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi 2019;5(2):117-40.
Espelage DL, Low SK, Jimerson SR. Understanding school climate, aggression, peer victimization, and bully perpetration: Contemporary science, practice, and policy. School Psychology Quarterly 2014;29(3):233–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000090
Hong JS, Kim DH, deLara EW, Wei H-S, Prisner A, Alexander NB. Parenting style and bullying and victimization: Comparing foreign-born Asian, U.S.-born Asian, and White American adolescents. Journal of Family Violence 2021;36(7):799–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00176-y
Kalafat A. Ergen siber zorbalık duyarlılığı ile algılanan sosyal destek ve öznel iyi oluşu artırma stratejileri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. [Examining The Relationships Between Adolescent Cyberbullying Susceptibility And Perceived Social Support And Subjective Well-Being Enhancement Strategies]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi; 2021.
Kırcallıoğlu M. Lise öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık duyarlılığının sosyodemografik özellikler, algılanan sosyal destek ve ebeveyn ve akran ilişkileri açısından değerlendirilmesi: Tekirdağ ili Çerkezköy ilçesi örneği. [Evaluation of cyberbullying susceptibility in high school students in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, perceived social support and parent and peer relationships: The case of Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ province]. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
Krisnana I, Rachmawati PD, Arief YS, Kurnia ID, Nastiti AA, Safitri IFN, Putri ATK. Adolescent characteristics and parenting style as the determinant factors of bullying in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2019;33(5):10. 1515/ijamh-2019-0019. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0019
Martinez I, Murgui S, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Parenting in the digital era: Protective and risk parenting styles for traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior 2019;90:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.036
Seyhan YE. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının akran zorbalık ve mağduriyeti ile sanal zorbalık ve mağduriyet üzerindeki etkisi. [The effect of perceived parental attitudes on peer bullying and victimisation and cyberbullying and victimisation in secondary school students]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Haliç Üniversitesi; 2020.
Yang B, Wang B, Sun N, Xu F, Wang L, Chen J, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Dai T, Zhang Q, Sun C. The consequences of cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization among adolescents: Gender differences in psychological symptoms, self-harm and suicidality. Psychiatry Research 2021;306:114219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114219
Köksal Akyol A, Bilbay A. Ergenlerin akran zorbalığı yapmaları, zorbalığa maruz kalmaları ve empatik eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of History Culture and Art Research 2018;7(2):667-75. https://doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i2.1379
Craig W, Boniel-Nissim M, King N, Walsh SD, and et al. Social media use and cyber-bullying: A cross-national analysis of young people in 42 countries. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2020;66(6S):S100–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.006
Valdés-Cuervo ÁA, Alcántar-Nieblas C, Martínez-Ferrer B, Parra-Pérez LG. Relations between restorative parental discipline, family climate, parental support, empathy, shame, and defenders in bullying. Children and Youth Services Review 2018;152-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.015
Yelboğa N, Koçak O. Ergenlerde akran zorbalığını yordayan bazı faktörlerin zorba ve mağdur bireyler açısından değerlendirilmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches 2019;13(19):2286-320.
Ringdal R, Espnes GA, Eilertsen, MEB, BjØrnsen HN, Moksnes UK. Social support, bullying, school-related stress and mental health in adolescence. Nordic Psychology 2020;72(4):313–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2019.1710240
UNICEF. Investigating the prevalence and impact of peer abuse (bullying) on the development of Jamaica’s children report, 2015.

Ergen Akran Zorbalığında Risk ve Koruyucu Faktörlerin İncelenmesi: Bir Meta Analiz Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 5, 353 - 365, 17.11.2025

Nurten Elkin , Ayşe Gülçin Özçelik , Bedriye Çelik Kanca , Hasan Kütük

Öz

Amaç: Bu meta-analizin amacı, ergenlerde akran zorbalığı ile koruyucu ve risk faktörleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, 2014 ve 2024 yılları arasında 12-18 yaş arasındaki ergenlerde akran zorbalığı ile risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi araştıran çalışmalar kullanılmıştır. Meta-analize dahil edilecek çalışmaları belirlemek için PubMed, Akademik Google, Web of Science, PsycINFO ve YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanlarında literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Toplamda 2.177 kaynağa erişilmiştir. Dahil edilme kriterlerini karşılamayan çalışmalar elenmiş ve k=12 çalışma ile meta-analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, R ve R Studio v4.2 kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Toplamda 19.948 ergenin verileri analiz edilmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenine ilişkin analizde etki büyüklüğü orta düzeyde ancak istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (Cohen’s d=–0,56, p=0,51). Benzer şekilde, ebeveyn tutumu değişkenine ilişkin analizde yüksek düzeyde ancak anlamsız bir etki büyüklüğü hesaplanmıştır (Cohen’s d=–1,45, p=0,21). Buna karşın, sosyal destek değişkeni için yapılan analizde büyük ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etki büyüklüğü bulunmuştur (Cohen’s d=4,13, 95% GA [1,33;6,93], p=0,01). Heterojenlik testleri her üç değişken için de yüksek heterojenlik göstermiştir.
Sonuç: Meta-analiz çalışmasının sonucunda, sosyal destek alan çocukların zorbalığa uğrama olasılıklarının daha düşük olduğu ve sosyal desteğin bu durumda koruyucu bir faktör olarak görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ergenlik , risk faktörleri , sosyal destek , metaanaliz

Kaynakça

Kar S, Choudhury A, Singh A. Understanding normal development of adolescent sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences 2015;8(2):70. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-1208.158594
Fleary S, Joseph P, Pappagianopoulos J. Adolescent health literacy and health behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Adolescence 2017;62(1):116-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.11.010
Saul R. Adolescence and clocktime: Two modern concepts intertwined, revisited, reconsidered. Global Studies of Childhood 2016;(2):234-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043610616647643
Kulaksızoğlu A. Ergenlik psikolojisi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi; 2017
Olweus D. Familial and temperamental determinants of aggressive behavior in adolescent boys: A causal analysis. Developmental Psychology 1980;16(6):644–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.16.6.644
Olweus D. Bullies on the playground: The role of victimization. In C. H. Hart (Ed.), Children on playgrounds: Research perspectives and applications (pp. 85–128). State University of New York Press; 1993
Olweus D. Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, D.C. Hemisphere (Wiley); 1978
Farrington D P, Gaffney H, Lösel F, Ttofi MM. Systematic reviews of the effectiveness of developmental prevention programs in reducing delinquency, aggression, and bullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2017;33:91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.11.003
American Psychology Association (APA). Bullying. Retrieved August, 17, 2022 Available at: https://www.apa.org/topics/bullying
Gür N, Eray Ş, Makinecioğlu I, Siğirli D, Vural AP. Akran zorbalığı ile aile duygu dışa vurumu ve psikopatoloji arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2020;21(1):77-86.
UNESCO. International day against violence and bullying at school including cyberbullying. 2022. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/international-day-against-violence- and-bullying-school-including-cyberbullying
Karakuş Şahbaz Y. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı: Adana İli Yüreğir İlçesi pilot çalışma. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çağ Üniversitesi; 2019
Polat F, Sohbet R. Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;15(2):41-51.
Karataş M, Ünalmış A. İlköğretim 6, 7 ve 8. sınıf öğrencileri arasında yaşanan akran zorbalığının farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi, Tokat Örneği. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 2019;6(3):381-96.
Gökkaya F, Sütcü ST. Akran zorbalığının ortaokul öğrencileri arasındaki yaygınlığının incelenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 2020;35(1):40-54.
Ahmed B, Al-Hadithi T. Bullying among school adolescents in Erbil city of Iraq. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019;23(2):194-205. https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2019.025
Chen M, Gao S, Jin Y. Does teachers’ involvement affect the extent of school bullying? Atlantis Press, 2022;870-5. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220131.158
Karakuş Ö, Altinel B, Uyaroğlu A. The relationship between peer bullying, loneliness, and social support in refugee adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 2023;36(3):228-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12417
Ulfah M, Gustina E. Bullying behavior among students. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education 2020;9(3):644. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20437
Pazhouhi, S. Online and offline bullying/harassment and perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among Iranian adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology 2023;38(4):333-48. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735231188008
Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R, Rodríguez-Barbero S, Falla D. How do you think the victims of bullying feel? A study of moral emotions in primary school. Frontiers in Psychology 2019;10:1753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01753
Valdebenito S, Ttofi M, Eisner M. Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2015;23:137–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.004
Zych I, Farrington DP, Ttofi MM. Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2019;45:4–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.06.008
Gómez-Ortiz O, Apolinario C, Romera EM, Ortega-Ruiz R. The role of family in bullying and cyberbullying involvement: Examining a new typology of parental education management based on adolescents’ view of their parents. Social Sciences 2019;8(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010025
Bakioğlu A, Özcan Ş. Meta-analiz. İstanbul. Nobel Yayıncılık; 2022
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences (Rev. Ed.). New York: Academic Press; 1977
Lipsey MW, Wilson DB. Practical Meta-Analysis. SAGE Publications, Inc; 2001
Hunter JE, Schmidt FL. Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. SAGE Publications, Inc; 2004
Hedges L, Olkin I. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. London: Academic Press; 1985
Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;1088-101.
Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics 2000;56(2):455–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
Karaçam Z. Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 2013;6(1):26-33.
Arslan E. Algılanan ebeveyn tutumu, algılanan sosyal destek ve benlik saygısının ergenlerin akran zorba davranış eğilimi ile ilişkisi. [The Relationship Between Perceived Parental Attitude, Perceived Social Support And Self-Esteem And Adolescents’ Tendency Towards Peer Bullying Behaviour. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]]. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi; 2018.
Çelik A. Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık düzeyleri ile algılanan sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. .[Examining The Relationship Between High School Students’ Cyberbullying Levels And Perceived Social Support Levels In Terms Of Some Variables]. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Üsküdar Üniversitesi; 2015.
Ergün N. Erken ergenlerde okul, aile ve demografik değişkenlere göre akran zorbalığının incelenmesi. [Investigation Of Peer Bullying In Early Adolescents According To School, Family And Demographic Variables]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi; 2015.
Ertuğrul F, Eker E. Ön ergenlik döneminde zorbalık davranışı ile bazı sosyo-demografik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi 2019;5(2):117-40.
Espelage DL, Low SK, Jimerson SR. Understanding school climate, aggression, peer victimization, and bully perpetration: Contemporary science, practice, and policy. School Psychology Quarterly 2014;29(3):233–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000090
Hong JS, Kim DH, deLara EW, Wei H-S, Prisner A, Alexander NB. Parenting style and bullying and victimization: Comparing foreign-born Asian, U.S.-born Asian, and White American adolescents. Journal of Family Violence 2021;36(7):799–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00176-y
Kalafat A. Ergen siber zorbalık duyarlılığı ile algılanan sosyal destek ve öznel iyi oluşu artırma stratejileri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. [Examining The Relationships Between Adolescent Cyberbullying Susceptibility And Perceived Social Support And Subjective Well-Being Enhancement Strategies]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi; 2021.
Kırcallıoğlu M. Lise öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık duyarlılığının sosyodemografik özellikler, algılanan sosyal destek ve ebeveyn ve akran ilişkileri açısından değerlendirilmesi: Tekirdağ ili Çerkezköy ilçesi örneği. [Evaluation of cyberbullying susceptibility in high school students in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, perceived social support and parent and peer relationships: The case of Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ province]. [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019.
Krisnana I, Rachmawati PD, Arief YS, Kurnia ID, Nastiti AA, Safitri IFN, Putri ATK. Adolescent characteristics and parenting style as the determinant factors of bullying in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2019;33(5):10. 1515/ijamh-2019-0019. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0019
Martinez I, Murgui S, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Parenting in the digital era: Protective and risk parenting styles for traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior 2019;90:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.036
Seyhan YE. Ortaokul öğrencilerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumlarının akran zorbalık ve mağduriyeti ile sanal zorbalık ve mağduriyet üzerindeki etkisi. [The effect of perceived parental attitudes on peer bullying and victimisation and cyberbullying and victimisation in secondary school students]. [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Haliç Üniversitesi; 2020.
Yang B, Wang B, Sun N, Xu F, Wang L, Chen J, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Dai T, Zhang Q, Sun C. The consequences of cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization among adolescents: Gender differences in psychological symptoms, self-harm and suicidality. Psychiatry Research 2021;306:114219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114219
Köksal Akyol A, Bilbay A. Ergenlerin akran zorbalığı yapmaları, zorbalığa maruz kalmaları ve empatik eğilimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of History Culture and Art Research 2018;7(2):667-75. https://doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i2.1379
Craig W, Boniel-Nissim M, King N, Walsh SD, and et al. Social media use and cyber-bullying: A cross-national analysis of young people in 42 countries. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2020;66(6S):S100–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.03.006
Valdés-Cuervo ÁA, Alcántar-Nieblas C, Martínez-Ferrer B, Parra-Pérez LG. Relations between restorative parental discipline, family climate, parental support, empathy, shame, and defenders in bullying. Children and Youth Services Review 2018;152-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.015
Yelboğa N, Koçak O. Ergenlerde akran zorbalığını yordayan bazı faktörlerin zorba ve mağdur bireyler açısından değerlendirilmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches 2019;13(19):2286-320.
Ringdal R, Espnes GA, Eilertsen, MEB, BjØrnsen HN, Moksnes UK. Social support, bullying, school-related stress and mental health in adolescence. Nordic Psychology 2020;72(4):313–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2019.1710240
UNICEF. Investigating the prevalence and impact of peer abuse (bullying) on the development of Jamaica’s children report, 2015.

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Koruyucu Sağlık Hizmetleri, Toplum Çocuk Sağlığı
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Nurten Elkin 0000-0002-9470-2702 Ayşe Gülçin Özçelik 0009-0009-2757-8965 Bedriye Çelik Kanca 0000-0002-1659-120X Hasan Kütük 0000-0002-8288-4107
Yayımlanma Tarihi	17 Kasım 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi	13 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi	13 Kasım 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2025 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Elkin N, Özçelik AG, Çelik Kanca B, Kütük H. Examination of Risk and Protective Factors in Adolescent Peer Bullying: A Meta-Analysis Study. STED. 2025;34(5):353-65.

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