Esansiyel Yağlar için Distilasyon Yöntemleri

Abstract

Esansiyel yağların elde edilmesi için kullanılan yöntemler basit, ayrımsal, vakum, su buharı destilasyonu ve mikro dalga destekli hidrodestilasyon olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Damıtma yöntemleri temelde kaynama derecesi farkına ve su buharının çözücü ve taşıyıcı etkisine dayanmaktadır. Vakum, sürecin hızlandırılması için kullanılmaktadır. Yöntemlerin başarısı vaks, flavonoid ve coumarin gibi istenmeyen bileşiklerin, elde edilen esansiyel yağ içerisindeki mevcudiyeti ve ne sebeple olursa olsun etken maddelerde meydana gelen hasarlarla ilişkilidir. Düşük sıcaklıkta uygulanan su buharı destilasyonu etken maddelerde meydana gelen hasar ve bozulmaların önüne geçse de istenmeyen bileşiklerin esansiyel yağda bulunmasını engelleyememektedir. Mikrodalga destekli hidrodistilasyon, yeni ve yüksek derecede saflık sağlanabilen bir teknolojidir. Ancak esansiyel yağların ticari üretiminde kullanımı henüz tam olarak oturtulamamıştır. Esansiyel yağlar yalnız sağlık ve gıda alanlarında değil aynı zamanda gıda ve yem katkı maddesi olarak da yüksek bir kullanım potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında distilasyon yöntemlerinin birbirlerine karşı avantaj, dezavantajları ve etken madde miktar ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. 

Keywords

• Mikrodalga destekli distilasyon,su distilasyonu,super kritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu,tıbbi bitkiler

Distillation Methods of Essential Oils

Abstract

Methods used for obtaining essential oils can be ranged as simple, fractional, vacuum, water-steam distillations and micro-wave assisted hydro distillation. Distillation methods are mainly based on the difference of boiling degree or the solvent and transport effect of water-steam. Vacuum can be used for accelerating the process. The success of the methods is related to presence of undesirable compounds such as waxes, flavonoids, coumarone and deterioration rate of active compounds for whatever reason. Low-temperature water-steam distillation can avoid deteriorations but it cannot block the presence of the undesirable compounds. Micro-wave assisted hydro distillation is a new method resulting with the high degree pureness. But this method has not been placed well in commercial production of essential oils. Essential oils having a high potential to be used in medical care and food industry are also used as a feed supplement with the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. It is aimed to discuss about the advantages, disadvantages of distillation methods against each other and their effects on quantity and the quality of active substances in this review.

Keywords

• Microwave-assisted extraction,supercritical-fluid extraction,medicinal plants,water extraction

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