Esansiyel Yağlar için Distilasyon Yöntemleri

Year 2019, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 22 - 31, 30.04.2019

Ahmet Akdağ , Ergin Öztürk

Abstract

Esansiyel yağların elde
edilmesi için kullanılan yöntemler basit, ayrımsal, vakum, su buharı
destilasyonu ve mikro dalga destekli hidrodestilasyon olarak
sınıflandırılabilir. Damıtma yöntemleri temelde kaynama derecesi farkına ve su
buharının çözücü ve taşıyıcı etkisine dayanmaktadır. Vakum, sürecin
hızlandırılması için kullanılmaktadır. Yöntemlerin başarısı vaks, flavonoid ve
coumarin gibi istenmeyen bileşiklerin, elde edilen esansiyel yağ içerisindeki
mevcudiyeti ve ne sebeple olursa olsun etken maddelerde meydana gelen
hasarlarla ilişkilidir. Düşük sıcaklıkta uygulanan su buharı destilasyonu etken
maddelerde meydana gelen hasar ve bozulmaların önüne geçse de istenmeyen
bileşiklerin esansiyel yağda bulunmasını engelleyememektedir. Mikrodalga
destekli hidrodistilasyon, yeni ve yüksek derecede saflık sağlanabilen bir
teknolojidir. Ancak esansiyel yağların ticari üretiminde kullanımı henüz tam
olarak oturtulamamıştır. Esansiyel yağlar yalnız sağlık ve gıda alanlarında
değil aynı zamanda gıda ve yem katkı maddesi olarak da yüksek bir kullanım
potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında distilasyon yöntemlerinin
birbirlerine karşı avantaj, dezavantajları ve etken madde miktar ve kalitesi
üzerine etkilerinin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. 

Keywords

Mikrodalga destekli distilasyon, su distilasyonu, super kritik sıvı ekstraksiyonu, tıbbi bitkiler

Distillation Methods of Essential Oils

Abstract

Methods used for obtaining essential oils can be ranged as simple,
fractional, vacuum, water-steam distillations and micro-wave assisted hydro
distillation. Distillation methods are mainly based on the difference of
boiling degree or the solvent and transport effect of water-steam. Vacuum can
be used for accelerating the process. The success of the methods is related to
presence of undesirable compounds such as waxes, flavonoids, coumarone and
deterioration rate of active compounds for whatever reason. Low-temperature
water-steam distillation can avoid deteriorations but it cannot block the
presence of the undesirable compounds. Micro-wave assisted hydro distillation
is a new method resulting with the high degree pureness. But this method has
not been placed well in commercial production of essential oils. Essential oils
having a high potential to be used in medical care and food industry are also
used as a feed supplement with the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. It is
aimed to discuss about the advantages, disadvantages of distillation methods
against each other and their effects on quantity and the quality of active
substances in this review.

Keywords

Microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical-fluid extraction, medicinal plants, water extraction

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