Uluslararası Hukukta Meşru Müdafaa Hakkına Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: İsteksiz veya Aciz Devlet Doktrini

Abstract

1945 tarihli Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı ile üye devletlerin kuvvet kullanması yasaklanmıştır. Bu yasağın bir istisnası olarak ise, meşru müdafaa hakkı dü-zenlenmiştir. Başlarda bu hakkın, sadece bir devletten başka bir devlete karşı gerçekleşen silahlı saldırılar bakımından ele alındığı görülmektedir. Sonraları, bu hak eylemleri bir devlete atfedilebilir olan devlet dışı aktörler bakımından da uygulanmaya başlamıştır. Günümüzde bazı devlet dışı aktörlerin, devlet-lerden bağımsız faaliyetler gerçekleştirdiği görülmektedir. Bu aktörlerin saldı-rılarına maruz kalan devletin, meşru müdafaa hakkına başvurup başvurama-yacağı hususu tartışılmaktadır. Burada devlet dışı aktörlere karşı meşru mü-dafaa hakkının kullanabilmesinin temeli, isteksiz veya aciz devlet doktrinine dayanmaktadır. Bu doktrini destekleyen devletlerin sayısı gün geçtikçe art-maktadır. Ancak doktrine ilişkin, henüz genel bir kabul bulunmamaktadır. Genel bir kabulün oluşabilmesi için, doktrinin sağlam bir zemine oturtulması önem arz etmektedir. Bunu sağlamak için ise, doktrinde bazı koşulların ele alındığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde meşru müdafaa hakkı detaylandırılmıştır. İkinci bölümünde, isteksiz veya aciz devlet doktri-nine ilişkin süreç, devlet uygulamaları ve Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Kararla-rı bakımından ele alınmıştır. Son bölümde ise, doktrine ilişkin açıklamalar ve koşullara yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

• kuvvet kullanma yasağı
• meşru müdafaa hakkı
• devlet dışı aktörler
• isteksiz veya aciz devlet doktrini
• 11 eylül saldırıları

A New Approach to the Right to Self-Defense in International Law: Unwilling or Unable State Doctrine

Abstract

The use of force is prohibited for the member states by the 1945 United Nations Charter. As an exception to this prohibition, the right to self-defense is regulated. Initially, it is seen that this right was dealt with only in terms of armed attacks from one state to another. Later, it began to be applied also in terms of non-state actors whose actions are attributable to a state. Today, it is seen that these actors carry out independent activities from states. The issue of whether the state, which is exposed to the attacks of these actors, can apply for the right of self-defense is being discussed. Herein, the basis for exercising the right of self-defense against non-state actors is based on the unwilling or unable state doctrine. The number of States supporting this doctrine is increasing day by day. However, there is no general acceptance regarding the doctrine yet. For a general acceptance of the doctrine, it is important that the doctrine be based on a safe ground. In order to achieve this, it is seen that some conditions are discussed in the doctrine. In the first part of this study, the right of self-defense is detailed. In the second part, the process regarding unwilling or unable state doctrine is discussed in terms of state practices and the decisions of the International Court of Justice. In the last part, explanations and conditions regarding the doctrine are mentioned.

Keywords

• prohibition of use of force
• right to self-defense
• non-state actors
• 9/11 attack
• unwlling or unable state doctrine

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