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AB Rekabet Hukukunda Süregelen Trend Olarak 'Dijital Ekonomi' ve 'Dijital Piyasalar' Kavramlarına Genel Bir Bakış

Year 2022, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 1933 - 1968, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1082006

Abstract

E-ticaret her ne kadar görece yeni bir kavram olsa da, modern dünyada uluslararası ticaretin temel taşı olmuştur. Genel olarak e-ticaret, her türlü ürün, hizmet ve bilginin elektronik kanallar aracılığıyla satın alınması, satılması veya değiş tokuş edilmesi süreci olarak tanımlanabilir. Ekonomi, e-ticaretten doğrudan etkilenen alanlardan biridir ve bu önemli etkinin bir sonucu olarak dijital ekonomi kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Dijital ekonomi kavramını tanımlamak gün geçtikçe kapsamı genişlemeye devam etmesi sebebiyle oldukça güçtür; ancak etkisi birçok farklı alanda geniş ölçüde deneyimlenebilir. Örnek vermek gerekirse, dijital ekonominin ortaya çıkması, piyasalardaki rekabet konularının incelenmesi gibi birçok alanda şimdiden birçok önemli değişikliğe neden olmuştur. Mevcut Avrupa Birliği rekabet hukuku anlayışı üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır ve gelecekte de refahı oluşturmaya devam edeceği açıktır. Bu nedenle bu makale, AB rekabet hukukunda tartışılan önemli bir konu olarak dijital ekonominin ve dijital pazarların genel dinamiklerini açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • AGHION, Philippe; AKCIGIT, Ufuk, ‘Innovation and Growth: The Schumpeterian Perspective’ in Laszlo Matyas; Richard Blundell; Estelle Cantillon; Barbara Chizzolini; Luigi Bocconi; Marc Ivaldi; Ramon Marimon; Frode Steen (eds), Economics without Borders Economic Research for European Policy Challenges, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • ANTONELLI, Cristiano, ‘The Economics of Innovation: From the Classical Legacies to the Economics of Complexity’, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 18(7), 2009.
  • BARWISE, Patrick; WATKINS, Leo, ‘The Evolution of Digital Dominance How and Why We Got to GAFA’, in Martin Moore; Damian Tambini (eds), Digital Dominance The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • BRENNEN, J. Scott; KREISS, Daniel, ‘Digitalization’ in Klaus Bruhn Jensen; Robert T. Craig (eds), The Wiley Blackwell-ICA International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
  • BUDZINSKI, Oliver; STÖHR, Annika, ‘Competition Policy Reform in Europe and Germany – Institutional Change in the Light of Digitization’, Ilmenau University of Technology Institute of Economics Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers, 24(117), 2018.
  • BURRI, Mira, ‘Understanding the Implications of Big Data and Big Data Analytics for Competition Law’, (2019), New Developments in Competition Law and Economics Edited by Klaus Mathis and Avishalom Tor, Springer International Publishing, 2019.
  • Case IV/M.1069, WorldCom/MCI, [1998], OJ L 116/1.
  • Case COMP/M.1741, MCI WorldCom/Sprint, [2000], OJ L 300/1.
  • Case COMP/C-3/37.792, Microsoft, [24.03.2004], C(2004)900 final.
  • Case C-209, Post Danmark A/S v Konkurrencerådet, [2012], Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), ECLI:EU:C:2012:172.
  • CHIRICO, Filomena, ‘Digital Markets Act: A Regulatory Perspective’, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 12(7), 2021.
  • CLEYNENBREUGEL, Pieter Van, ‘Innovation in Competition Law Analysis: Making Sense of On-Going Academic and Policy Debate’ in Paul Nihoul; Pieter Van Cleynenbreugel (eds), The Roles of Innovation in Competition Law Analysis, ASCOLA Competition Law Series, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
  • COLAPS, Anna, ‘Big Data: Is EU Competition Law Ripe Enough to Meet the Challenge?’, 60 Years of EU Competition Law: Stocktaking and Future Prospects Edited by Roberto Mastroianni and Amedeo Arena, Edtoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2017.
  • CRÉMER; Jacques; DE MONTJOYE, Yves-Alexandre; SCHWEITZER, Heike, ‘Competition Policy for the Digital Era Final Report’,Publications Office of the European Union, (2019), < https://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/reports/kd0419345enn.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022
  • DATA HUB, ‘Search Engine Market Shares’, < https://datahub.io/rufuspollock/search-engine-market-shares/view/0>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • ECONOMIDES, Nicholas, ‘Competition Policy in Network Industries: An Introduction’, The Networks, Electronic Commerce, and Telecommunications (“NET”) Institute Working Paper Series, 04(23), 2004.
  • ERIXON, Fredrik; LAMPRECHT, Philipp, ‘The Next Steps for the Digital Single Market: From Where do We Start?’, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) Policy Brief, 2/2018, 2018, https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ECI_18_5F_TheNextStepsfortheDigital_2-2018_03.pdf, Accessed 10 February 2022.
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  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Expert Group on Taxation of the Digital Economy, Working Paper: Digital Economy – Facts & Figures, (2014), < https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/system/files/2016-09/2014-03-13_fact_figures.pdf >, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, ‘Making Markets Work Better’, (2016), The European Union Explained: Competition Series, < https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8200c251-aa42-11e6-aab7-01aa75ed71a1>, Accessed on 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, ‘Online Platforms and the Digital Single Market Opportunities and Challenges for Europe’, COM(2016), 288 final, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0288&from=EN>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EVANS, David S., ‘Multi-Sided Platforms, Dynamic Competition, and The Assessment of Market Power for Internet-Based Firms’, The University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics Working Paper Series, 753, 2016.
  • EVANS, David S.; SCHMALENSEE, Richard, ‘Why Winner-Takes-All Thinking Doesn’t Apply to the Platform Economy’, Harvard Business Review, 2016.
  • EVANS, David S.; SCHMALENSEE, Richard, ‘Network Effects: March to the Evidence, Not to the Slogans’, CPI Antitrust Chronicle, 2017, < https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CPI-Evans-Schmalensee.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel, ‘EU Competition Law Goals and the Digital Economy’, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 17/2018, 2018.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel; STUCKE, Maurice E., Virtual Competition the Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy, Harvard University Press, 2016.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel; STUCKE, Maurice E., ‘Artificial Intelligence & Collusion: When Computers Inhibit Competition’, University of Illinois Law Review, 2017(5), 2017.
  • FROSIO, Giancarlo F., ‘Reforming Intermediary Liability in the Platform Economy: A European Digital Single Market Strategy’, Northwestern University Law Review, 112(251), 2017.
  • GAWER, Anabelle; HENDERSON, Rebecca, ‘Platform Owner Entry and Innovation in Complementary Markets: Evidence from Intel’, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(1), 2007.
  • Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB), [26.08.1998], available at http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gwb/GWB.pdf, for English version is available at https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Others/GWB.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • GIANNACCARI, Andrea, ‘The Big Data Competition Story: Theoretical Approaches and the First Enforcement Cases’, European University Institute Working Papers, 10, 2018.
  • GOMEZ, Jeff, Print is Dead: Books in Our Digital Age, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008.
  • HAGIU, Andre; WRIGHT, Julian, ‘Multisided Platforms’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 43, 2015.
  • HOLZWEBER, Stefan, ‘Market Definition for Multi-Sided Platforms: A Legal Reappraisal’, World Competition, 40(4), 2017, 563.
  • HOVENKAMP, Herbert, ‘Antitrust and Information Technologies’, Florida Law Review, 68(2), 2017.
  • KADAR, Massimiliano, “European Union Competition Law In the Digital Era”, Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht, 4, 2015.
  • KATZ, Michael L.; SHAPIRO, Carl, ‘Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility’, The American Economic Review, 75(3), 1985.
  • KATZ, Michael L.; SHELANSKI, Howard A., ‘Mergers and Innovation’, Antitrust Law Journal, 74(1), 2006.
  • KERBER, Wolfgang, ‘Digital Markets, Data, and Privacy: Competition Law, Consumer Law, and Data Protection’, Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg and Siegen, 14, 2016.
  • MEHRA, Salil K., ‘De-Humanizing Antitrust: The Rise of the Machines and the Regulation of Competition’, Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 43, 2014.
  • MOURYA, S. K.; GUPTA, Shalu, E-Commerce, Alpha Science International Ltd, Oxford, 2015.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2000], Competition Issues in Electronic Commerce.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2012], The Digital Economy.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2017], Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age, www.oecd.org/competition/algorithms-collusion-competition-policy-in-the-digital-age.htm, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2017], Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy to the Digital Era, < https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/M(2016)2/ANN4/FINAL/en/pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022,
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2018], Implications of E-commerce for Competition Policy - Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), ‘Transformative Technologies and Jobs of the Future’, (2018), Background Report for the Canadian G7 Innovation Ministers’ Meeting, < https://www.oecd.org/innovation/transformative-technologies-and-jobs-of-the-future.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2019], Implications of E-commerce for Competition Policy - Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3.
  • PFEIFFER, Roberto Augusto Castellanos, ‘Digital Economy, Big Data and Competition Law’, Market and Competition Law Review, 3(1), 2019.
  • PwC, Website (primaonline.it). n.d. ‘E-book Sales as a Percentage of Total Book Sales Worldwide in 2013 and 2018’, (2019), <https://www.statista.com/statistics/234106/e-book-market-share-worldwide/>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • ROSEN, Sherwin, ‘The Economics of Superstars’, The American Economic Review, 71(5), 1981.
  • RYSMAN, Marc, ‘The Economics of Two-Sided Markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(3), 2009.
  • SCHMIDT, Hedwig K., ‘Taming the Shrew: There’s No Need for a New Market Power Definition for the Digital Economy’, Stockholm Faculty of Law Research Paper Series, 17, 2017.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy, 5th Edition, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, 1943.
  • SCHWEITZER, Heike; HAUCAP, Justus; KERBER, Wolfgang; WELKER, Robert, ‘Modernisierung der Missbrauchsaufsicht für marktmächtige Unternehmen’, Projekt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), 66(17), 2018, 5-20, < https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Wirtschaft/modernisierung-der-missbrauchsaufsicht-fuer-marktmaechtige-unternehmen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=15>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • SHELANSKI, Howard A., ‘Information, Innovation and Competition Policy for the Internet’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161, 2013.
  • SÖZER, Edin Güçlü; CİVELEK, Mustafa Emre; ÇEMBERCİ, Murat, Strategic Excellence in Post-Digital Ecosystems: A B2C Perspective, Zea Books, The University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries, 2018, <https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/62>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • SPULBER, Daniel F.; YOO, Christopher S., ‘Antitrust, the Internet, and the Economics of Networks’, University of Pennsylvania Law School Institute for Law and Economics Research Paper Series, 13(36), 2013.
  • STIGLITZ, Joseph E., ‘Competition and Competitiveness in a New Economy’, Competition and Competitiveness in a New Economy Edited by Heinz Handler and Christina Burger, Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Labour, 2002.
  • UYTSEL, Steven Van; UEMURA, Yoshiteru, ‘Competition Law Interference Prior to the Formation of a Digital Market -The JFTC's Enforcement Action Against DeNA’, 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3086449 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3086449.
  • VEZZOSO, Simonetta, ‘Competition by Design’, Stockholm Faculty of Law Research Paper Series, 2017.
  • WHISH, Richard; BAILEY, David, Competition Law, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • WILSON, Tom, ‘Electronic Publishing and The Future of The Book’, Information Research, 3(2), 1997.
  • WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, The Future of Jobs Report, (2018), < http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf> Accessed 10 February 2022.
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An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law

Year 2022, Volume: 30 Issue: 4, 1933 - 1968, 27.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1082006

Abstract

Although e-commerce is relatively new, it has been the cornerstone of international trade in the modern world. Broadly, e-commerce can be described as the process of buying, selling or exchanging any kinds of products, services and information via electronic channels. The economy is one of the areas directly affected by e-commerce, and as a result of this significant impact, the concept of the digital economy has emerged. It is complicated to define the concept of the digital economy as it continues to expand in scope day by day; however, its impact can broadly be experienced in many different fields. To set an example, the occurrence of the digital economy has already caused many significant changes in many areas, such as the examination of competition issues in the markets. It has significant effects on current EU competition law understanding, and it is evident that it will continue to form future prosperity. Therefore, this article aims to explain the general dynamics of the digital economy and digital markets as an important issue being discussed in EU competition law.

References

  • AGHION, Philippe; AKCIGIT, Ufuk, ‘Innovation and Growth: The Schumpeterian Perspective’ in Laszlo Matyas; Richard Blundell; Estelle Cantillon; Barbara Chizzolini; Luigi Bocconi; Marc Ivaldi; Ramon Marimon; Frode Steen (eds), Economics without Borders Economic Research for European Policy Challenges, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • ANTONELLI, Cristiano, ‘The Economics of Innovation: From the Classical Legacies to the Economics of Complexity’, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 18(7), 2009.
  • BARWISE, Patrick; WATKINS, Leo, ‘The Evolution of Digital Dominance How and Why We Got to GAFA’, in Martin Moore; Damian Tambini (eds), Digital Dominance The Power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • BRENNEN, J. Scott; KREISS, Daniel, ‘Digitalization’ in Klaus Bruhn Jensen; Robert T. Craig (eds), The Wiley Blackwell-ICA International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
  • BUDZINSKI, Oliver; STÖHR, Annika, ‘Competition Policy Reform in Europe and Germany – Institutional Change in the Light of Digitization’, Ilmenau University of Technology Institute of Economics Ilmenau Economics Discussion Papers, 24(117), 2018.
  • BURRI, Mira, ‘Understanding the Implications of Big Data and Big Data Analytics for Competition Law’, (2019), New Developments in Competition Law and Economics Edited by Klaus Mathis and Avishalom Tor, Springer International Publishing, 2019.
  • Case IV/M.1069, WorldCom/MCI, [1998], OJ L 116/1.
  • Case COMP/M.1741, MCI WorldCom/Sprint, [2000], OJ L 300/1.
  • Case COMP/C-3/37.792, Microsoft, [24.03.2004], C(2004)900 final.
  • Case C-209, Post Danmark A/S v Konkurrencerådet, [2012], Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), ECLI:EU:C:2012:172.
  • CHIRICO, Filomena, ‘Digital Markets Act: A Regulatory Perspective’, Journal of European Competition Law & Practice, 12(7), 2021.
  • CLEYNENBREUGEL, Pieter Van, ‘Innovation in Competition Law Analysis: Making Sense of On-Going Academic and Policy Debate’ in Paul Nihoul; Pieter Van Cleynenbreugel (eds), The Roles of Innovation in Competition Law Analysis, ASCOLA Competition Law Series, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018.
  • COLAPS, Anna, ‘Big Data: Is EU Competition Law Ripe Enough to Meet the Challenge?’, 60 Years of EU Competition Law: Stocktaking and Future Prospects Edited by Roberto Mastroianni and Amedeo Arena, Edtoriale Scientifica, Napoli, 2017.
  • CRÉMER; Jacques; DE MONTJOYE, Yves-Alexandre; SCHWEITZER, Heike, ‘Competition Policy for the Digital Era Final Report’,Publications Office of the European Union, (2019), < https://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/reports/kd0419345enn.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022
  • DATA HUB, ‘Search Engine Market Shares’, < https://datahub.io/rufuspollock/search-engine-market-shares/view/0>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • ECONOMIDES, Nicholas, ‘Competition Policy in Network Industries: An Introduction’, The Networks, Electronic Commerce, and Telecommunications (“NET”) Institute Working Paper Series, 04(23), 2004.
  • ERIXON, Fredrik; LAMPRECHT, Philipp, ‘The Next Steps for the Digital Single Market: From Where do We Start?’, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) Policy Brief, 2/2018, 2018, https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ECI_18_5F_TheNextStepsfortheDigital_2-2018_03.pdf, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 82 of the EC Treaty to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings, [2009], OJ C 45/02, paras 1, para 5-7; EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DG Competition Discussion Paper on the Application of Article 82 of the Treaty to Exclusionary Abuses, (2005), <http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/art82/discpaper2005.pdf>, Accessed on 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, ‘A Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe’, COM(2015), 192 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0192&from=EN, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Expert Group on Taxation of the Digital Economy, Working Paper: Digital Economy – Facts & Figures, (2014), < https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/system/files/2016-09/2014-03-13_fact_figures.pdf >, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, ‘Making Markets Work Better’, (2016), The European Union Explained: Competition Series, < https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/8200c251-aa42-11e6-aab7-01aa75ed71a1>, Accessed on 10 February 2022.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION, ‘Online Platforms and the Digital Single Market Opportunities and Challenges for Europe’, COM(2016), 288 final, < https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0288&from=EN>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EVANS, David S., ‘Multi-Sided Platforms, Dynamic Competition, and The Assessment of Market Power for Internet-Based Firms’, The University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics Working Paper Series, 753, 2016.
  • EVANS, David S.; SCHMALENSEE, Richard, ‘Why Winner-Takes-All Thinking Doesn’t Apply to the Platform Economy’, Harvard Business Review, 2016.
  • EVANS, David S.; SCHMALENSEE, Richard, ‘Network Effects: March to the Evidence, Not to the Slogans’, CPI Antitrust Chronicle, 2017, < https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CPI-Evans-Schmalensee.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel, ‘EU Competition Law Goals and the Digital Economy’, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 17/2018, 2018.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel; STUCKE, Maurice E., Virtual Competition the Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy, Harvard University Press, 2016.
  • EZRACHI, Ariel; STUCKE, Maurice E., ‘Artificial Intelligence & Collusion: When Computers Inhibit Competition’, University of Illinois Law Review, 2017(5), 2017.
  • FROSIO, Giancarlo F., ‘Reforming Intermediary Liability in the Platform Economy: A European Digital Single Market Strategy’, Northwestern University Law Review, 112(251), 2017.
  • GAWER, Anabelle; HENDERSON, Rebecca, ‘Platform Owner Entry and Innovation in Complementary Markets: Evidence from Intel’, Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(1), 2007.
  • Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB), [26.08.1998], available at http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gwb/GWB.pdf, for English version is available at https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/EN/Others/GWB.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • GIANNACCARI, Andrea, ‘The Big Data Competition Story: Theoretical Approaches and the First Enforcement Cases’, European University Institute Working Papers, 10, 2018.
  • GOMEZ, Jeff, Print is Dead: Books in Our Digital Age, Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008.
  • HAGIU, Andre; WRIGHT, Julian, ‘Multisided Platforms’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 43, 2015.
  • HOLZWEBER, Stefan, ‘Market Definition for Multi-Sided Platforms: A Legal Reappraisal’, World Competition, 40(4), 2017, 563.
  • HOVENKAMP, Herbert, ‘Antitrust and Information Technologies’, Florida Law Review, 68(2), 2017.
  • KADAR, Massimiliano, “European Union Competition Law In the Digital Era”, Zeitschrift für Wettbewerbsrecht, 4, 2015.
  • KATZ, Michael L.; SHAPIRO, Carl, ‘Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility’, The American Economic Review, 75(3), 1985.
  • KATZ, Michael L.; SHELANSKI, Howard A., ‘Mergers and Innovation’, Antitrust Law Journal, 74(1), 2006.
  • KERBER, Wolfgang, ‘Digital Markets, Data, and Privacy: Competition Law, Consumer Law, and Data Protection’, Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg and Siegen, 14, 2016.
  • MEHRA, Salil K., ‘De-Humanizing Antitrust: The Rise of the Machines and the Regulation of Competition’, Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper Series, 43, 2014.
  • MOURYA, S. K.; GUPTA, Shalu, E-Commerce, Alpha Science International Ltd, Oxford, 2015.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2000], Competition Issues in Electronic Commerce.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2012], The Digital Economy.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2017], Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age, www.oecd.org/competition/algorithms-collusion-competition-policy-in-the-digital-age.htm, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2017], Big Data: Bringing Competition Policy to the Digital Era, < https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/M(2016)2/ANN4/FINAL/en/pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022,
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2018], Implications of E-commerce for Competition Policy - Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), ‘Transformative Technologies and Jobs of the Future’, (2018), Background Report for the Canadian G7 Innovation Ministers’ Meeting, < https://www.oecd.org/innovation/transformative-technologies-and-jobs-of-the-future.pdf>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), [2019], Implications of E-commerce for Competition Policy - Background Note, DAF/COMP(2018)3.
  • PFEIFFER, Roberto Augusto Castellanos, ‘Digital Economy, Big Data and Competition Law’, Market and Competition Law Review, 3(1), 2019.
  • PwC, Website (primaonline.it). n.d. ‘E-book Sales as a Percentage of Total Book Sales Worldwide in 2013 and 2018’, (2019), <https://www.statista.com/statistics/234106/e-book-market-share-worldwide/>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • ROSEN, Sherwin, ‘The Economics of Superstars’, The American Economic Review, 71(5), 1981.
  • RYSMAN, Marc, ‘The Economics of Two-Sided Markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(3), 2009.
  • SCHMIDT, Hedwig K., ‘Taming the Shrew: There’s No Need for a New Market Power Definition for the Digital Economy’, Stockholm Faculty of Law Research Paper Series, 17, 2017.
  • SCHUMPETER, Joseph A., Capitalism, Socialism & Democracy, 5th Edition, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, 1943.
  • SCHWEITZER, Heike; HAUCAP, Justus; KERBER, Wolfgang; WELKER, Robert, ‘Modernisierung der Missbrauchsaufsicht für marktmächtige Unternehmen’, Projekt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi), 66(17), 2018, 5-20, < https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Wirtschaft/modernisierung-der-missbrauchsaufsicht-fuer-marktmaechtige-unternehmen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=15>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • SHELANSKI, Howard A., ‘Information, Innovation and Competition Policy for the Internet’, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161, 2013.
  • SÖZER, Edin Güçlü; CİVELEK, Mustafa Emre; ÇEMBERCİ, Murat, Strategic Excellence in Post-Digital Ecosystems: A B2C Perspective, Zea Books, The University of Nebraska–Lincoln Libraries, 2018, <https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/62>, Accessed 10 February 2022.
  • SPULBER, Daniel F.; YOO, Christopher S., ‘Antitrust, the Internet, and the Economics of Networks’, University of Pennsylvania Law School Institute for Law and Economics Research Paper Series, 13(36), 2013.
  • STIGLITZ, Joseph E., ‘Competition and Competitiveness in a New Economy’, Competition and Competitiveness in a New Economy Edited by Heinz Handler and Christina Burger, Austrian Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Labour, 2002.
  • UYTSEL, Steven Van; UEMURA, Yoshiteru, ‘Competition Law Interference Prior to the Formation of a Digital Market -The JFTC's Enforcement Action Against DeNA’, 2017, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3086449 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3086449.
  • VEZZOSO, Simonetta, ‘Competition by Design’, Stockholm Faculty of Law Research Paper Series, 2017.
  • WHISH, Richard; BAILEY, David, Competition Law, 9th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • WILSON, Tom, ‘Electronic Publishing and The Future of The Book’, Information Research, 3(2), 1997.
  • WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, The Future of Jobs Report, (2018), < http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf> Accessed 10 February 2022.
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Erman Ekingen 0000-0001-9534-2860

Publication Date December 27, 2022
Acceptance Date September 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 30 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Ekingen, E. (2022). An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(4), 1933-1968. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1082006
AMA Ekingen E. An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. December 2022;30(4):1933-1968. doi:10.15337/suhfd.1082006
Chicago Ekingen, Erman. “An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ As Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30, no. 4 (December 2022): 1933-68. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1082006.
EndNote Ekingen E (December 1, 2022) An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30 4 1933–1968.
IEEE E. Ekingen, “An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 1933–1968, 2022, doi: 10.15337/suhfd.1082006.
ISNAD Ekingen, Erman. “An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ As Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 30/4 (December 2022), 1933-1968. https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1082006.
JAMA Ekingen E. An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;30:1933–1968.
MLA Ekingen, Erman. “An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ As Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 4, 2022, pp. 1933-68, doi:10.15337/suhfd.1082006.
Vancouver Ekingen E. An Overview of the Concepts of ‘Digital Economy’ and ‘Digital Markets’ as Ongoing Trends in EU Competition Law. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022;30(4):1933-68.