Güneş Enerjisi Destekli Hidrojen Üretimi: Teorik Bir Vaka Çalışması

Öz

Hidrojen önemli bir enerji taşıyıcısıdır ve enerji depolanması için güçlü bir adaydır. Güneş gibi kesikli bir enerji kaynağının depolanması için kullanışlı bir araç olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı bir bilgisayar simulasyonu vasıtası ile kırsal kesimler gibi elektrik şebekesinden uzaktaki küçük ölçekli tüketiciler için güneş enerjisinin elektriksel formda elde edildiği ve saha sonra bir elektrolizer ile hidrojen şeklinde depolandığı bir sistemi değerlendirmektir. Hidrojen daha sonra tekrar elektrik üretmek için bir yakıt hücresinde tüketilebilir. Önce güneş enerjisinden fotovoltaik paneller aracılığı ile elde edilen enerji ile bir akü şarj edilmiş ve bu enerji suyun elektrolizi işleminde kullanılmak suretiyle hidrojen elde edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada elde edilen hidrojen bir yakıt hücresinde kullanılarak elektrik enerjisi elde edilmiştir. Oluşturulan matematiksel model, geliştirilen bilgisayar programı vasıtası ile çözümlenerek teorik bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Bu modelde Konya iline ait güneş ışınımının yıllara göre aylık ortalama değerlerine ait veriler kullanılmıştır. Giriş parametreleri olarak elektrolizör sıcaklığı, elektroliz basınç değerleri ve fotovoltaik panellerin verimi kullanılmıştır. Genel sistem verim ve etkenliği, üretilen elektrik ve hidrojen miktarları ise çıkış parametreleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, gerek üretilen hidrojen miktarı yönünden, gerekse sistemin etkenliği ve verimi yönünden, giriş parametreleri arasında en etkili bileşenin sıcaklık olduğu görülmüştür. Sistemin fotovoltaik kısmından 400 W ile 1800 W arasından geniş bir yelpazede elektrik enerjisi elde edilebilmektedir. Diğer yandan aylık hidrojen üretimi 120-130 g/ay aralığındadır. Yakıt pilinin güç eğrisi, 0.001 saniye cevap süresi ortaya koymuştur. Önerilen sistem Konya’da ve dünyada benzer iklim özelliklerine sahip başka bölgelerde kullanılabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fotovoltaik
• Hidrojen yakıt pili
• Matematik model
• Suyun elektrolizi

SOLAR ENERGY SUPPORTED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: A THEORETICAL CASE STUDY

Öz

Hydrogen is an important energy vector and a strong candidate for energy storage. It will be a useful tool for storing intermittent energy sources such as sun. The main objective of this work is to assess a system harnessing solar energy in electrical form and store it as hydrogen by means of an electrolyzer for small scale consumers away from the grid such as rural areas by computer simulation. Hydrogen then can be consumed in a fuel cell in order to generate electricity. The electrical energy obtained from solar energy via photovoltaic panels was used in order to charge a battery first and then hydrogen was acquired by using aforementioned energy in the electrolysis of water. In the second stage, electricity is generated in a fuel cell by using the generated hydrogen. A theoretical analysis was done via computer software by solving the constituted mathematical model. Data containing monthly average insolation values of Konya City according to years were used in this model. Electrolyzer temperature and pressure values and efficiencies of the photovoltaic panels were used as the input parameters. General system efficiency and effectiveness, generated electricity and hydrogen amounts were obtained as the output parameters. Among all, temperature was found to be the most effective parameter according to the obtained results considering the generated hydrogen amount, system effectiveness and efficiency. A wide range of electrical power between 400 W and 1800 W can be harnessed from the PV part of the system. Hydrogen production in the other hand can be attained in the range of 120-130 g/month. Power curve of the fuel cell at the start up of the system yields a 0.001 seconds reaction time. The proposed system can be utilized in rural parts of Konya and climatically similar regions in the world.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Electrolysis of water
• Hydrogen fuel cell
• Mathematical model
• Photovoltaic

Kaynakça

1. Akyildiz, H., Öztürk, T., 2013, “Production of mg-Mased Amorphous/Nanostructured Thin Films from Multi-Elemental Sources for Hydrogen Storage Applications”, J. Fac.Eng.Arch. Selcuk Univ., Vol. 28(1), pp. 1-10.
2. Ali, D., Gazey, R., Aklil, D., 2016, “Developing a Thermally Compensated Electrolyzer Model Coupled with Pressurized Hydrogen Storage for Modeling the Energy Efficiency of Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Identifying Their Operation Performance Issues”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 66, pp. 27-37.
3. Allison, J., 2017, “Robust Multi-Objective Control of Hybrid Renewable Microgeneration Systems with Energy Storage”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 114, pp. 1498-1506.
4. Amusat, O.O., Shearing, P.R., Fraga, E.S., 2017, “On the Design of Complex Energy Systems: Accounting for Renewable Variability in Systems Sizing”, Computers and Chemical Engineering, Vol. 103, pp. 103-115.
5. Amphlett, J.C., Baumert, R.M., Mann, R.F., Peppley, B.A., Roberge, P.R., Harris, T.J., 1995, “Performance Modeling of the Ballard-Mark-Iv Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel-Cell: 1. Mechanistic Model Development”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 142(1), pp. 1-8.
6. Bai, M., Song, K., Sun, Y., He, M., Li, Y., Sun, J., 2014, “An Overview of Hydrogen Underground Storage Technology and Prospects in China”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 124, pp. 132-136.
7. Baricco, M., Bang, M., Fichtner, M., Hauback, B., Linder, M., Luetto, C., Moretto, P., Sgroi, M., 2017, “SSH2S: Hydrogen Storage in Complex Hydrides for an Auxiliary Power Unit Based on High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells”, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342, pp. 853-860.
8. Boudries, R., 2013, “Analysis of Solar Hydrogen Production in Algeria: Case of an Electrolyzer-Concentrating Photovoltaic System”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38(26), pp. 11507-11518.

9. Ceraolo, M., Miulli, C., Pozio, A., 2003, “Modelling Static and Dynamic Behaviour of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells on the Basis of Electro-Chemical Description”, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 113(1), pp. 131-144.
10. Chong, L.W., Wong, Y.W., Rajkumar, R.K., Rajkumar, R.K., Isa, D., 2016, “Hybrid Energy Storage Systems and Control Strategies for Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Power Systems”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 66, pp. 174-189.
11. Esquivel, J.P., Buser, J.R., Lim, C.W., Domínguez, C., Rojas, S., Yager, P., Sabate, N., 2017, “Single-use Paper-Based Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Point-of-care Diagnostic Applications”, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342, pp. 442-451.
12. Fallisch, A., Schellhase, L., Fresko, J., Zechmeister, M., Zedda, M., Ohlmann, J., Zielke, L., Paust, N., Smolinka, T., 2017, “Investigation on PEM Water Electrolysis Cell Design and Components for a HyCon Solar Hydrogen Generator”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42(19), pp. 13544-13553.
13. Fan, X.C., Wang, W.Q., Shi, R.J., Cheng, Z.J., 2017, “Hybrid Pluripotent Coupling System with Wind and Photovoltaic-Hydrogen Energy Storage and the Coal Chemical Industry in Hami, Xinjiang”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 72, pp. 950-960.
14. Gemmen, R.S., 2001, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Expositions, New York. Gemmen, R.S., Farmouri, P., 2002, “Power Elekteronics for Fuel Cells Workshop”, University of California, Irvine, National Fuel Cell Research Center.
15. Guida, D., Minutillo, M., 2017, “Design Methodology for a PEM Fuel Cell Power System in a more Electrical Aircraft”, Applied Energy, Vol. 192, pp. 446-456.
16. Guo, K., Prevoteau, A., Rabaey, K., 2017, “A Novel Tubular Microbial Electrolysis Cell for High Rate Hydrogen Production”, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 356, pp. 484-490.
17. Guo, J., Xing, L., Hua, Z., Gu, C., Zheng, J., 2016, “Optimization of Compressed Hydrogen Gas Cycling Test System based on Multi-Stage Storage and Self-Pressurized Method”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 41(36), pp. 16306-16315.
18. Hu, K., Chen, L., Chen, Q., Wang, X.H., Qi. J., Xu, F., Min, Y., 2017, “Phase-change Heat Storage Installation in Combined Heat and Power Plants for Integration of Renewable Energy Sources into Power System”, Energy, Vol. 124, pp. 640-651.
19. Izgi, M.S., Odemis, O., Sahin, O., Saka, C., 2016, “Effect of NaOH in Hydrogen Production from NaNH4 by using Co-B-F and Co-B-P catalysts”, SUJEST, Vol. 4(1), pp. 55-64.
20. Jia, F., Guo, L., Liu, H., 2017, “Mitigation Strategies for Hydrogen Starvation under Dynamic Loading in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 139, pp. 175-181.
21. Kim, J., Lee, S.M., Srinivasan, S., Chamberlin, C.E., 1995, “Modeling of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance with an Empirical Equation”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 142 (8), pp. 2670-2674.
22. Kivrak, H., Demir, N.C., Sahin, O., 2013, “Electrocatalytic Properties of Nanostructured Multimetallic Pt-Sn-Cs/C and Pt-M/C (M=Ag, Ca, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ir, Mg, Pd, Sn, Zr) Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Catalysts”, Selcuk Univ. J. Eng. Sci. Tech., Vol. 1(2), pp. 19-28.
23. Kleiner, F., Posern, K., Osburg, A., 2017, “Thermal Conductivity of Selected Salt Hydrates for Thermochemical Solar Heat Storage Applications Measured by the Light Flash Method”, Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 113, pp. 1189-1193.
24. Kumar, S., Jain, A., Ichikawa, T., Kojima, Y., Dey, G.K., 2017, “Development of Vanadium Based Hydrogen Storage Material: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 72, pp. 791-800.
25. Larminie, J., Dicks, A., McDonald, M.S., 2003, Fuel Cell Systems Explained, Wiley, New York.
26. Lashgari, M., Elyas-Haghighi, P., Takeguchi, M., 2017, “A Highly Efficient pn Junction Nanocomposite Solar-Energy-Material [nanophotovoltaic] for Direct Conversion of Water Molecules to Hydrogen Solar Fuel”, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, Vol. 165, pp. 9-16.
27. Mamaghani, A.H., Najafi, B., Casalegno, A., Rinaldi, F., 2017, “Predictive Modelling and Adaptive Long-Term Performance Optimization of an HT-PEM Fuel Cell based Micro Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plant”, Applied Energy, Vol. 192, pp. 519-529.
28. Marr, C., Li, X., 1997, “An Engineering Model of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Performance”, ARI-An International Journal for Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 50(4), pp. 190-200.
29. Mohamed, W.A.N.W., Kamil, M.H.M., 2016, “Hydrogen Preheating Through Waste Heat Recovery of an Open-Cathode PEM Fuel Cell Leading to Power Output Improvement”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 124, pp. 543-555.
30. Ngoh, S.K., Ohandja, L.A., Kemajou, A., Monkam, L., 2014, “Design and Simulation of Hybrid Solar High-Temperature Hydrogen Production System using both Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal Energy”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, Vol. 7, pp. 279-293.
31. Nieskens, D.L.S., Ferrari, D., Liu, Y., Kolonko R., 2011, “The Conversion of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen into Methanol and Higher Alcohols”, Catalysis Communications, Vol. 14(1), pp. 111-113.
32. Nojavan, S., Zare, K., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., 2017, “Application of Fuel Cell and Electrolyzer as Hydrogen Energy Storage System in Energy Management of Electricity Energy Retailer in the Presence of the Renewable Energy Sources and Plug-in Electric Vehicles”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 136, pp. 404-417.
33. Ostrovskii, V.E., 2002, “Mechanisms of Methanol Synthesis from Hydrogen and Carbon Oxides at Cu–Zn-containing Catalysts in the Context of Some Fundamental Problems of Heterogeneous Catalysis”, Catalysis Today, Vol. 77(3), pp. 141-160.
34. Padin, J., Veziroglu, T., Shahin, A., 2000, “Hybrid Solar High-Temperature Hydrogen Production System”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25(4), pp. 295-317.
35. Rzayeva, M., Salamov, O., Kerimov, M., 2001, “Modeling to Get Hydrogen and Oxygen by Solar Water Electrolysis”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26(3), pp. 195-201.
36. Sayin, S., Koç, I., 2011, “Güneş Enerjisinden Aktif Olarak Yararlanmada Kullanilan Fotovoltaik (PV) Sistemler ve Yapılarda Kullanım Biçimleri”, J. Fac.Eng.Arch. Selcuk Univ., Vol. 26(3), pp. 89-106. (in Turkish)
37. Shekardasht, S.J., 2016, An Investigation on Generation of Solar Powered (pv) and Applications in Hydrogen Fule Cells, MSc Thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, , Konya TURKEY. (in Turkish) Ural, Z., 2007, Yakıt Pilleri ve Bir PEM Yakıt Pili Sisteminin Dinamik Benzetimi, MSc Thesis, Dicle University, Institute of Natural Sciences.
38. Vincent, I., Kruger, A., Bessarabov, D., 2017, “Development of Efficient Membrane Electrode Assembly for Low Cost Hydrogen Production by Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolysis”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Article In Press, 1-10. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.069)
39. Yu, X., Tang, Z., Sun, D., Ouyang, L., Zhu, M., 2017, “Recent Advances and Remaining Challenges of Nanostructured Materials for Hydrogen Storage Applications”, Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 88, pp. 1-48.
40. Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Cao, Z., Wang, Z., Li, W., Zhu, L., Li, P., Huang, X., Lü, Z., 2017, “Pr and Ti co-doped Strontium Ferrite as a Novel Hydrogen Electrode for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell”, Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 232, pp. 542-549.
41. Zhong, H., Ouyang, L.Z., Ye, J.S., Liu, J.W., Wang, H., Yao, X.D., Zhu, M., 2017, “An One-step Approach Towards Hydrogen Production and Storage Through Regeneration of NaBH4”, Energy Storage Materials, Vol. 7, pp. 222-228.
42. Ziogou, C., Voutetakis, S., Papadopoulou, S., Georgiadis, M.C., 2011, “Modeling, Simulation and Experimental Validation of a PEM Fuel Cell System”, Computers & Chemical Engineering, Vol. 35(9), pp. 1886-1900.