Konya Darülmuallimini’nde Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetimi

Günümüzde eğitim fakültelerinin OsmanlıDevleti’ndeki karşılığıolan kurumlar, darülmuallimin ve darülmuallimatlar olup, darülmuallimin “erkek öğretmen okulu” manasına gelmektedir. Öğretmen yetiştiren bu kurumların kuruluşu ve gelişmesi XIX. yüzyıla tesadüf etmekteydi. Bu asırda her alanda gelişme ve ilerleme sağlanılmasıiçin çareler aranmaya başlanmışve bunun için somut adımlar atılmış, atılan bu adımlar, eğitim alanına da yansımıştır. XIX. yüzyıl ortalarında 1848 senesinde, Sultan Abdülmecid zamanında Darülmuallimin-i Rüşdiye açılmışardından, 1868’de sıbyan mekteplerine öğretmen yetiştirmek amacıyla darülmuallimin-i ibtidâîye şubesinde eğitim verilmeye başlanmıştı. Öğretmen yetiştiren kurumların İstanbul dışındaki merkezlerde açılma süreci ise Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde başlamıştıBu süreçte Konya, darülmualliminkurulan ilk vilayetler arasında yer alır. Eğitim yönetimi kavramı; öğrenci, öğretmen, okul, sınıf, sınavlar, bütçe gibi eğitimin işleyişine yönelik birçok unsuru kapsamaktadır. Çalışmamızda, Konya Darülmuallimin mektebi bu maddeler açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Aynızamanda bu kurumda yapılan teftişveya denetim sırasında, üzerinde durulan meselelere yer verilmiştir. Bu hususlar, arşiv belgeleri ışığında incelenmişve Konya’da öğretmen yetiştiren kurumun işleyişi ayrıntılıbir şekilde ele alınmıştır.

The equivalents of the education faculties in present day, were the foundations named darülmulalimin during the times of the Ottoman Empire. Darülmuallimin was the male teacher education faculty. The establishment and development of this foundation was in the XIX. Century, a time period of important developments as the Empire tried to renew itself. In the middle XIX. Century, during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid, Darülmuallimin-i Rüşdiye was established in 1848. In order to train teachers for the primary education the “ibtidâîye” department began its education in 1868. This need was the driving force behind the establishment Darülmuallimins. The dispersion of teacher training facilities to began during the reign of Abdülaziz. Konya was among the leading positions during this process. The concept “Administration of Education” includes some elements like student, teacher, school, class, examinations, budget. The Darülmuallimin is going to analyzed taking these issues into consideration. Furthermore the issues arising during the inspections are going to be mentioned. These isues are going to be reported as they are on archive documents. Hence, the operation and foundation of these teacher education institutions are going to be analyzed in detail. In the social life, education plays very important role in the stabilization of the indivuduals’ actions and the establishment of the concept of duty and responsibility. In the process of training the individual, the greatest responsibilty belongs to school and teacher after the family. For this reason, the teacher is needed to be well educated. The sources inform that the literacy rate of the Ottoman society in the nineteenth century is quite low. Some expedients were sought for this problem in the Reformation Tanzimat Era, like opening new schools. There was also felt a need for a qualified labor in some vocations. So the schools were opened to meet this need. In attempt to train educators in the modern sense, the State opened Darülmuallimin-i Rüşdiye School for Training Secondary School Teachers in the year 1848, which sought and contributed to the spread of the modern education method. As a result of making the primary education obligatory, the number of the primary schools increased rapidly. So the Darülmuallimin also supplied teachers for these schools. The projects related to the Darümuallimin were dealt with by the educational council in Konya that handles the educational issues. As consequence of the increase of the students in the reformed primary schools, the project of opening a school to train teachers was discussed. So such a school was opened in the city of Konya in 1875 which trained teachers for the primary and secondary ibtidâîye and rüşdiye schools. For this school, a portion was allotted from the imperial budget. Of the expenses of the school, one can mention the money spent on building and restoration as well as the personal salaries and student stipends. This school conducted its education at a rented building. This school has a branch of internship that had its own budget, too. The budget of the school varied from one year to the other. When this school was first opened, there were few teachers. But when the number of the students increased, the need for teachers also increased. The school has a director, a vice director, one officer and one servant. The school, having only a couple of teachers initially, had fifteen teachers between the years 1913 and 1914, seven of whom graduated from the Darü’l-muallimin-i İbtidaiye and from Darümuallimin-i Âliye. The teachers who graduated from “Darülmuallimin-i Rüşdiye, Halkalı School of Agriculture, İdadi and Sultani Schools and privating schools” also worked of the Darülmuallimin in Konya. It seems that a considerable portion of the teachers graduated from the Darümuallimin. They are young and receive a salary of approximately thousand kuruş. They are gradated as of the first, second and third rank in accordance with their work experience and period. While some of the teachers taught only one course, the others taught several ones. The director and the vice director also participated in the teaching activities. The number of the students in the Darülmuallimin in Konya differed in years. In the initial years, it had around 80-90 students. But they tried to increase the number of the students and discussed this issue in the educational council of the city. But they first needed to enlarge the physical infrastructure of the school. So they managed to increase the number of the students up to around 130-140. We know the total number went up to 179 in the year 1923. In “Tatbikat Mektebi” internship school , around one hundred students were trained. The Darü’l-Muallimin in Konya provided the students with some amount of stipends. Paying per month thirty kuruşs, the school tried to help the students meet their basic needs and encourage them to become teachers in future. In the Darümallimin, a steady curriculum was followed, though the syllabus slightly differed according to the regulations promulgated by the government. The syllabus includes varios courses such as: Kurân-ı Kerim , Arapça, Farsça, Tarih, Coğrafya, Hesap, Yazı and Osmanlıca. The courses of Resim and Müzik were added to the program in 1913. It is understood that the “agriculture course” also added to syllabus. Graduates have worked various tasks such as, manager, inspectors and teacher. Every year, average 30-40 students have graduated from “Konya Darülmuallimin” Officials in darülmuallimin are: bevvab attendant , cook, clerk, stock clerk, bookkeeper and walker “Provincial Education İnspectors” were made inspection application of the darülmuallimin. According to regulations related to inspection, the inspectors have to inspect darülmuallimin twice a year. It is understood that during the inspection are given great importance to the darülmuallimin. İncompatible with the student movement has been punished in the darülmuallimin. Students and teachers are required to comply with the provisions of in the discipline regulations. In addition to penalties at darülmuallimin are also given awards. Because when teachers work diligently, "Maarif Nişanı" has been given them. After the declaration of the republic, Darülmuallimin has been named “teachers´ training school”. In the process of spreading the darülmuallimins in Anatolıa, Konya took part in the first place also in terms of number of students and teachers. Starting from the first year it was opened Konya Darülmuallimini has shown a significant improvement. İnstitution's students, teachers and the number of graduates has increased. The school's physical structure edited and the period of training extended. Arrangements have been also made in the syllabus