Kemanın Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci ve Eğitimci Yorumcular

Solo ve orkestra müziğinde kullanılan ve geçmişten bugüne büyük bir değişim ve gelişim içerisinde günümüze ulaşan yaylıçalgıların en önemlilerinden biri de kemandır. Ortaya çıkışıbakımından kemanın bir Rönasans dönemi çalgısıolduğu düşünülse de müzik tarihi içindeki bütün dönemlerde kullanılmış, bu dönemler içinde yapısal, teknik ve edebiyatıaçısından kendi değişim ve dönüşüm süreçlerini en üst düzeyde gerçekleştirmiştir. Keman müziği rönasansdönemde ‘oluşmaya’ başlamış, barokdönemde ‘kendine özgü bir nitelik’ kazanmaya başlamış, klasikdönemde ‘büyük ölçekli tür ve biçimlerine kavuşmuş’, romantikdönemde ‘duygusal anlatımın en yüksek en genişsınırlarına dayanmış’, çağdaşdönemde ise ‘deneysel çalışmalarla yeni arayışevrelerinden geçerek’ günümüze ulaşmıştır Uçan, 2005;130 . Kemanın yapısal ve teknik gelişimleri devam ederken, keman edebiyatına katkısağlayan besteciler yanında pek çok keman pedagogu da yetişmiş, hepsi aynızamanda virtüöz olan öğrenciler yetiştirmişlerdir. O dönemde yayınladıklarımetot kitaplarıve eserleri günümüz keman eğitiminde de halen temel kaynaklar olarak kullanılan bu eğitimci yorumculardan bazıları şunlardır; Michel Pignolet de Monteclair, Francesco Geminiani The Art of Playing on the Violin , Guiseppe Tartini, George Philippe Telemann Eşliksiz Keman İçin 12 Fantezi , Paganini 24 Kapris , Ferdinand David, Charles Auguste de Beriot Metode de Violin , Michel Corette Mükemmel Keman Çalma Sanatı , Guiseppe Tartini, Giovanni Battista Viotti, Pierre Baillot L’ Art du Violin , Pierre Rode 24 caprices , Louis Spohr, Rodolphe Kreutzer 42 Etudes , Jacques-Fereol Mazas Etudes Spéciales, EtudesBrillantes ve Etudes d’Artistes , FederigoFiorillo 36 Caprices for Violin , Leopold Auer, Jan Hanus Sitt 100 Studies/Etudes , Charles Dancla, Henry Schradieck Schule der Violintechnik , Ivan Galamian Princibles of Violin Playing and Teaching , Carl Flesch The Art of Violin Playing . Bu,çalışmada; kemanın müzik dönemleri içerisindeki yapısal ve teknik gelişim süreci ile keman edebiyatına ve eğitimine önemli katkılarıolan ünlü eğitimci yorumcular,,bunların yetiştirdikleri belli başlıöğrenciler ve basılıeğitim yayınlarınıkısa bir öz halinde derlemek amaçlanmıştır.Bu amaçla, keman edebiyatının ve keman pedagojisinin günümüze kadar olan gelişiminin kısa bir değerlendirilmesi yapılarak, çalışmanın eğitimcilere ve öğrencilere kaynak olarak sunulmasıhedeflenmiştir

One of the most important strings progressing and changing immensely from past to present and used in solo and orchestra music nowadays is violin. Many primitive strings thought as the ancestors of violin have risen in different places of the world in ancient times. Some instruments invented especially in Renaissance Period led to family of violin. Viol which has straight-back, big-stem, different sizes and rose in Italy in 16th century takes the lead of these instruments Şekerkaran, 1996: 28 . There were much more structural developments of violin in this period and many successful luthiers grew up and students grew up. Of these, Kaspar Tieffenbrucker was the person who finalized violin to several music historians. Other main, famous luthiers and educators of the period: Gasparo da Salo, his student Giovanni Paola and Andre Amati . Because Renaissance was the period of the transition from viol to violin, there were more viol methods and violin music was mostly transcribed from choir pieces of vocal music. Thanks to technical developments of violin, becoming the lead of players and educators in this field and developments about teaching methods accelerated in the following periods. In Baroque Period , violin took the place of family of viol. So violin became the most important solo instrument in this period by developing with regards to technique and structure. The concept ‘virtuosity’ rose along with increasement of educators following solo pieces and common usage of violin. It occured exactly transition from modal system to tonal system in violin music. It occured forms like sonata, suite in this period and violin music provided so powerful and effective expression thanks to musical density on pieces. Although there were many developments for violin, there were not so many references writen for violin in Baroque Period. These are famous educators and players of this period: Vivaldi , Monteclair ; Corette ; Geminiani ; Leopold Mozart ; Tartini ; Telemann . The most famous instrument luthiers are; Nicolo Amati , Antonio Stradivarius ve Andrea Guarneri In Classical Period , by including chinrest to violin, both the timbre of the violin changed and much more free left-hand technique developed. Repertoires became difficult in terms of technique. According to qualities of rhythm and sound, usage of instruments in orchestras led to increasement of virtuosity. Sonata allegro, sonata, concerto, chamber music, symphony, serenade, divertimento genres came into prominence. Convex violin bow in Classical Period took place of concave bow in Baroque Period and since the change also affected basic bow techniques, it allowed for occurrence of spiccato and soutille techniques besides detache, legato, martele and staccato techniques from Baroque Period. These are famous educators and players of this period: W.A. Mozart ; Viotti ; Baillot ; Rode ; Spohr ; Kreutzer ; Mazas ; Fiorillo ; even if there were not Beethoven ’s publications for violin just like Mozart, he was the most famous transition composer from Classical Period to Romantic Period. In Romantic Period , violin kept its last physical structure thanks to addition of chinrest and there was not any change. However, it was observed many changes and developments in terms of expression and technique in violin music. In this period, it was achieved much more virtuosity than other periods. It was passed to be intensified expressions thanks to constantly tone changes, rapid changes in dynamics and long-running melodies. There was Paganini’s huge effect on diversification of performance techniques. Within this context, changes of distant position, ricochet, left-hand pizzicato, double fingers trill, artificial and double flajole, passing between dual sounds can be counted as techniques like differential tuning violin. Besides sonata, concerto and chamber music genres, romance genre also became prominent. Apart from these, Sarate, Mendelssohn were the main composers of Romantic Period as well. These are famous educators and players of this period: Nicolo Paganini ; Beriot ; Ferdinand David ; Joachim ; Dancla ; Wieniawski ; Auer ; Schradieck