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Türkiye’nin Sakin Şehirlerinde Permakültürel Koruma, Planlama, Yönetim ve Eğitim Pratikleri

Year 2013, Issue: 29, 45 - 59, 01.02.2013

Abstract

Şehirler enerji konusunda oburdur; aydınlatma, ısınma, serinleme ve ulaşım için sürekli daha fazla enerji ister. Diğer taraftan şehirler, daha yeşil bir yaşamın umut kaynağıdır; insan faaliyetlerini bir yerde yoğunlaştırmalarısayesinde, geriye kalan alanlar üzerindeki etkiyi hafiflettikleri gibi, yeniliklere uygun bir ortam sunar. Bu bağlamda şehirlerin, dünyamızın büyüme sancılarına en iyi çözüm olacağıöngörülmektedir. Daha fazla şehirleşme bir çözüm olabilir. Bununla birlikte, hızlı şehirleşme süreci, yerele, geleneksele ve doğal dokuya saygılısakin şehirlerin cazibesini her geçen gün daha da artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, doğa dostu şehirlerin dünyadaki ve Türkiye’deki örneklerini oluşturan sakin şehirlerde sürdürülen permakültürel yaşam tarzıdeğerlendirilerek bu şehirlerdeki koruma, planlama, yönetim ve eğitim pratikleri gözden geçirilmektedir.

References

  • Akkaya, Ö. (2012). “Gökçeada Rüzgârlı Öyküler”, NG Türkiye Traveler (Haziran): 32-37.
  • Akman, E. ve Argun, Ç. (2010). “Yerel Kalkınmanın Bir Aracı Olarak CittàSlow (Yavaş Kentler) Seferihisar Örneği”, Kent ve Toplum (2): 43-48.
  • Angeli, Franco. (2012). Cittaslow: dall’Italia al mondo. Italy, Milano.
  • Aymergen, F. (2012). “Mavi Bayraklı Plajlar”, NG Türkiye Traveler (Haziran): 38-43.
  • Balula, D. L. (2010). “Urban Design and Planning Policy: Theoritical Foundations and Prospects for a New Urbanism in Portugal”. Doctoral Dissertation, The State University of New Jersey, NJ.
  • Bilgi, G. M. (2008). “Ortaöğretim Kurumlarında Coğrafya Dersi Kapsamındaki Çevre Konularının Öğretiminde Aktif Öğretim Yöntemlerinin Rolü”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cansever, Meltem. (2011). Türkiye’nin Kültür Mirası / 100 Mimari Şaheser. İstanbul: NTV Yayınları.
  • Carmona, Matthew; Tiesdel, Steve; Heath, Tim and Oc, Taner. (2010). Public places - Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. USA: Architectural Press.
  • Caunce, Stephen. (2011). Sözlü Tarih ve Yerel Tarihçi. Çev. B. B. Can ve A. Yalçınkaya, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Cittaslow Türkiye (2012). Yenipazar. (www.cittaslowturkiye.org , Erişim tarihi: 4 Eylül 2012).
  • Council of Europe (2011). Towards a Europe of Shared Social Responsibilities: Challenges and Strategies. Paris: Council of Europe Publising.
  • Çiner, C. U. (2011). “CittàSlow Hareketi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları”, Memleket Mevzuat (71): 12-23.
  • Duru, B. (2005). “Avrupa Birliği Kentsel Politikası ve Türkiye Kentleri Üzerine”, Mülkiye (29): 59-75.
  • Er, A. (2011). “Salyangoz Hızında Yaşamak”, NG Türkiye (Aralık, 128): 116-119.
  • Evans, Peter and Krüger, Angelika. (2012). Youth and Community Empowerment in Europe: International Perspectives. UK: The Policy Press.
  • Fullagar, Simone; Markwell, Kevin and Wilson, Erica. (2012). Slow Tourism: Experiences and Mobilities. UK: Short Run Press Ltd.
  • Glaeser, Edward. (2011). Triumph of the City. USA: Penguin Press HC.
  • Goldstein, B. Evan. (Ed.). (2012). Collaborative Resilience: Moving Through Crisis to Opportunity. USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Gökçeada Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu (2012). Gastronomi, Kültürel Miras Yönetimi ve Organik Tarım İşletmeciliği Bölümleri.(http://guby.comu.edu.tr/akademik3.html , Erişim tarihi: 3 Eylül 2012).
  • İlyasoğlu, Aynur; Soytemel, Ebru vd. (2002). Buldan 1 / 2, Türkiye Kültür Envanteri Pilot Bölge Çalışmaları. İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı, TÜBA.
  • Karabağ, Servet. (2007). “Coğrafya Öğretmenlerinin Mesleki Sorumlulukları”. S. Karabağ ve S. Şahin (Ed.), Kuram ve Uygulamada Coğrafya Eğitimi (271-283).Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi
  • Karagöz, A. (2012). “Her Şey Tohumla Başlar”. NG Türkiye (Ek: Gerçek Gıda, 131): 4-47.
  • Kiper, Perihan. (2006). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel – Kültürel Değerlerinin Koruması, Türkiye – Bodrum Örneği. İstanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı
  • Kitson, Neil and Spiby, Ian. (1997). Drama 7 – 11: Developing Primary Teaching Skills. NY: Routledge.
  • Knox, L. Paul. (2005). “Creating Ordinary Places: Slow Cities in a Fast World”. Journal of Urban Design 10 (1), 1-11.
  • Kunzig, Robert. (2011). “Yedi Milyar”. NG Türkiye (Aralık, 128): 95-115.
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2012).(www.kultur.gov.tr , Erişim tarihi: 04.09.2012).
  • Lindholm, Charles and Zuquete, J. Pedro. (2010). The Struggle fort he World: Liberation Movements for the 21st Century. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Mayer, H. and Knox, L. P. (2006). “Slow Cities: Sustainable Places in a Fast World”. Journal of Urban Affairs 28 (4), 321-334.
  • Miele, M. (2008). “CittàSlow: Producing Slowness against the Fast Life”. Space and Politiy 12 (1): 135-156.
  • Modelski, George. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC: FAROS 2000, Signature Book Printing Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland.
  • Mohr, Juergen. (2011). From an Affluent Society to a Happy Society: Vital Signs Promising a Change and the Impacts on Industries. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH.
  • Morgan, Nigel; Pritchard, Annette and Pride, Roger. (2011). Destination Brands / Managing Place Reputation. UK: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Neelands, Jonathan. (2000). Structuring Drama Work: A Handbook of Available Forms in Theatre and Drama. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newman, Peter and Jennings, Isabella. (2008). Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices. Washington DC: Island Press.
  • Owen, David. (2009). Green Metropolis: Why Living Smaller, Living Closer and Driving Less are the Keys to Sustainability. NY, USA: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group Inc.
  • Pink, S. (2007). “Sensing CittàSlow: Slow Living and the Constitution of the Sensory City”. The Senses and Society 2 (1), 59-77.
  • Pink, Sarah. (2012a). Situating Everyday Life. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Pink, Sarah. (2012b). Advances in Visual Methodology. London: Sage Publication Ltd.
  • Radstrom, S. (2011). “Identity: An Introduction and History of CittàSlow”. Italian Journal of Planning Practice 1 (1), 90-113.
  • Ritzer, G. (2007). “Unique and Global”. Slow (56): 48-54.
  • Robinson, Peter; Heitmann, Sine and Dieke, Peter. (Eds.). (2011). Research Themes for Tourism. UK: MPG Books Group.
  • Scmitz, S. (2008). “Du New Urbanism au New Ruralism: Un Debat en Cours sur des Nouvelles Visions de L’avenir des Campagnes aux Etat’s – Unis”, Geocarréfour, 83 (4), 331-336.
  • Simons, J. (2000). “Creativity Processes and the Primary Classroom”. Primary Educator 6 (1), 8-20.
  • Slow Food. (2012). An Overview of the Slow Food Movement.(www.slowfood.com, Erişim tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2012).
  • Somers, John. (1995). Drama in the Curriculum. Great Britain: Cassell Educational Ltd.
  • Şarman, Ç. (2011). “Seferihisar: Yavaş Şehir”. Atlas 222 (9), 71-86.
  • Tuvi, Reyan. (2010). Mavi Tatil. İstanbul: Doğuş Yayın Grubu.
  • Yaşin, M. (2011). “Tohum Takası Şenliği”. Atlas 216 (3), 34.
  • Yılmaz, C.; Bilgi, G. M. (2011). “Aday Öğretmenlerin Coğrafya Arazi Çalışmalarına Bakışı”. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 11 (2), 961-983.
  • Yörükan, Turhan. (2005). İnsanca Yaşamak İçin Şehir ve Konut. Ankara: Ebabil Yayınları.
  • Yurtseven, H. Rıdvan. (2007). Slow Food ve Gökçeada: Yönetsel Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Üstündağ, Tülay. (2011). Yaratıcılığa Yolculuk. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Wilkinson, A. Joyce. (1993). Drama, Brain and Meaning. The Symbolic Dramatic Play – Literacy Connection: Whole Brain, Whole Body, Holistic Learning. USA: Ginn Press.
  • WTO (2011). Sustainable Development Tourism E-Bulletin.(www.unwto.org/sdt/, Erişim tarihi: 18 Eylül 2011).
  • WTTC (2012). World Travel and Tourism Council Report. (www.wttc.org/, Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2012).

Permacultural Conservation, Planning, Management and Educational Practices in the Cittaslow of Turkey

Year 2013, Issue: 29, 45 - 59, 01.02.2013

Abstract

Cities are voracious settlements of energy; they need more and more energy for illumination, heating, cooling and transportation. On the other hand, cities are hope for more eco-friendly life; they moderate the load on the remaining places thanks to concentration of human activities in one place. Moreover, they provide a suitable environment for innovation. In this context, it has been predicted that the cities will be the best solution to our world’s growth pain. More urbanization may be the solution. However, the process of rapid urbanization has increased the attractiveness of cittaslow regarding local, traditional and natural structure. In this paper, first, permacultural lifestyle of cittaslow, which are environmentalist patterns in Turkey, is evaluated. Second, conservation, planning, management and educational practices in these cities are reviewed. With the effect of globalization, it is not possible to stop the social cultural, economic, political and technological changes and their effects caused by rapid erosion process in today’s urban echosystems which are turning out to be homogenious locations. But yet, it is possible to preserve natural and cultural values against the fatal effects of change by evaluating city echosystems with cultural and biological capacity. The most important principal of this totalitarian protection and planning approach is to keep original identity, characteristic properties and differences of cities alive in order to provide them healthy development. The idea of protection is the total of expediences, including the way of these expediences, to preserve natural, archaeological, historical and architectural values that reflects the cities’ past social, economical and cultural properties. The basic aim of this protection which is a cultural activity with its economical, political and social aspects, is to form healthy surroundings by uniting cultural values without losing their originalities with changing values and keep them for the population. Protection activity contains the past, the future and the recent. Because of this, it contributes to the continuity of history and culture. Protection of cities or parts of the cities provides indispensable contribution regarding quality and aesthetic. CittàSlow net was a communion formed in 1999, in Italy by the leadership of average sized cities and towns to prevent the disappearance of quality, urbanites, standardization of living styles and local identity because of globalization. The name of the communion is formed by the composition of the words città city in Italian and slow in English. CittàSlow communion was not formed just for protection activity; during conformity period to globalized world, before cities lost their souls, it became useful in period of questioning necessities. In city planning CittàSlow net which aims to bring “CittàSlow activity” to life, reached 147 members in 24 countries. More than half of the quiet cities like Greve in Chianti, Orvieto, Positano, San Vincenzo, Penne, Levanto, Altomonte, Preci, Bra are in Italy, the number of countries which are in the communion like Turkey, Norway, Germany, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Holland, U.K, Poland, Spain, Slovenia, Portugal, Canada, Australia and New Zeland increases continuously. The principals that routes the quiet city life stands on the increasing living standards of urbanites and visitors and sharing of information, idea and experiences among countries in the communion on national and international level. The leading principal is to stand against fast living. However, it is not quite right to think that urbanites lead a slow motion life because slowing down does not mean behaving slow; being away from technological cause means finding stability between them by slowing down or speeding up when necessary. “CittàSlow activity” that quiet cities seized on, insists on resisting against loss of identity and culture, showing respect to local traditions and requires working and producing instead of slowing down working speed. But people who work suitable to human and nature call that as living not working. The precursor of Slow City net idea is the founder of Slow Food activity Carlo Petrini who is against canin traditional restaurants with fast food restaurants in Europe or in most cities of the world. Slow Food activity that stands on echo- gastronomic philosophy, focuses on preperation, servicing and consumption of food and its effect on the rest of the world. The production model of total nutrients used in preparing slow food are defined as agriculture practices that are friendly to ecosystem. Cities which aim to increase quality and follow substructure policy, use new technologies in order to amend city style, support production of total nutrients and protect local production are named as quiet cities and if these cities can bring their measures into life, they can take part in CittàSlow net. Among the basic ideas of Renneissance period “festina lente” means being careful while living fast; forming balance by speeding up or slowing down when necessary. 60 criterions of being a Slow City was stood on “festina lente” principal and is cathegorized under six titles: Environment policies, infrastructural policies, local hospitality, protecting local production, taste and alimentation education and awareness. The five members of CittàSlow act who gave the first CittàSlow logo to Greve in Chianti, are in Turkey. These Slow Cities are Seferihisar İzmir ,Yenipazar Aydın , Akyaka Muğla , Gökçeada Çanakkale and Taraklı Sakarya . Before 2013 CittàSlow General Council which Seferihisar is organizing, four of the cities among five is definetely getting CittàSlow logo. Those cities are Perşembe Ordu , Yalvaç Isparta , Vize Kırklareli ve Halfeti Şanlıurfa . The fifth one is going to be among those: Kaman Kırşehir , Kaş Antalya , Samandağ Hatay and Gevaş Van . The target of Slow Cities is to use slow philisophy inspired from Slow Food act to city policy. City planning in planning applications of Slow Cities, inspired from new urbanization movement. New urbanization movement is one that designs parts of the cities available to walker areas, support local economical activities, respectful to cultural heritage and having environmental principals . In the cathegory of supporting local economic activities, supporting of ecological agriculture activities are important. During city planning period reconstruction is one of the discussion subjects to bring out cultural characteristics and social construction period. In Europe a kind of artitectual movement was started named as Europe City Reneissance and supported by many city planners and scientists. In these projects it is underlined that European cities must be organized according to traditional elements to strengthen designing principals and city quality. In this context, it is thought that many CittàSlow criteria like supporting buildings that carry historical characteristics, increasing roads for bicycles, encouraging public transportation, leading on bioartitecture and increasing gren areas, are identified by new city movement. As CittàSlow movement strengthens the connection between designing principals and city quality, beyond city designing ideology, it also becomes important in today’s world as an act of accessing five senses which unites with the consumption elements of capitalism. Because the power of global culture threatens the cultural difference and standardize the rythm of life, this brings out populations using slow philosophy and show resistance to similarity duration with Slow Cities. CittàSlow movement is the product of a level of globalization in city scales. This level must be put forth by building new original locations respectful to nature and artitectual characteristics and by lessening measures the theme of CittàSlow must be subjected by local measures. Turkey in today is not an usual touristic destination. With its history, culture, natural beauties, sincere and hospitable people, folklore, delicious food, it became one of the most important tourism countries of Mediterrenean and Eurasian geography. Turkey has all the characteristics of changing tourist profile of 21st century want, who searches different taste and colour. One of the basic element that leads Tourism Strategy of Turkey 2023 is forming theme destinations by trademarking cities which have rich cultural and natural values, and the other one is evaulating natural, cultural, historical and geographical values of Turkey in protection-usage balance and using tourism in economy by developing tourism alternatives like ecotourism. Against the investments on global level, as the local characteristics are identified with the help of policies which support good agriculture in local level and ecotourism and as those locations gain value, the unique tourism potential of Turkey without considering sustainability property, can be carried to tourism sector on global level

References

  • Akkaya, Ö. (2012). “Gökçeada Rüzgârlı Öyküler”, NG Türkiye Traveler (Haziran): 32-37.
  • Akman, E. ve Argun, Ç. (2010). “Yerel Kalkınmanın Bir Aracı Olarak CittàSlow (Yavaş Kentler) Seferihisar Örneği”, Kent ve Toplum (2): 43-48.
  • Angeli, Franco. (2012). Cittaslow: dall’Italia al mondo. Italy, Milano.
  • Aymergen, F. (2012). “Mavi Bayraklı Plajlar”, NG Türkiye Traveler (Haziran): 38-43.
  • Balula, D. L. (2010). “Urban Design and Planning Policy: Theoritical Foundations and Prospects for a New Urbanism in Portugal”. Doctoral Dissertation, The State University of New Jersey, NJ.
  • Bilgi, G. M. (2008). “Ortaöğretim Kurumlarında Coğrafya Dersi Kapsamındaki Çevre Konularının Öğretiminde Aktif Öğretim Yöntemlerinin Rolü”. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cansever, Meltem. (2011). Türkiye’nin Kültür Mirası / 100 Mimari Şaheser. İstanbul: NTV Yayınları.
  • Carmona, Matthew; Tiesdel, Steve; Heath, Tim and Oc, Taner. (2010). Public places - Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. USA: Architectural Press.
  • Caunce, Stephen. (2011). Sözlü Tarih ve Yerel Tarihçi. Çev. B. B. Can ve A. Yalçınkaya, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Cittaslow Türkiye (2012). Yenipazar. (www.cittaslowturkiye.org , Erişim tarihi: 4 Eylül 2012).
  • Council of Europe (2011). Towards a Europe of Shared Social Responsibilities: Challenges and Strategies. Paris: Council of Europe Publising.
  • Çiner, C. U. (2011). “CittàSlow Hareketi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamaları”, Memleket Mevzuat (71): 12-23.
  • Duru, B. (2005). “Avrupa Birliği Kentsel Politikası ve Türkiye Kentleri Üzerine”, Mülkiye (29): 59-75.
  • Er, A. (2011). “Salyangoz Hızında Yaşamak”, NG Türkiye (Aralık, 128): 116-119.
  • Evans, Peter and Krüger, Angelika. (2012). Youth and Community Empowerment in Europe: International Perspectives. UK: The Policy Press.
  • Fullagar, Simone; Markwell, Kevin and Wilson, Erica. (2012). Slow Tourism: Experiences and Mobilities. UK: Short Run Press Ltd.
  • Glaeser, Edward. (2011). Triumph of the City. USA: Penguin Press HC.
  • Goldstein, B. Evan. (Ed.). (2012). Collaborative Resilience: Moving Through Crisis to Opportunity. USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Gökçeada Uygulamalı Bilimler Yüksekokulu (2012). Gastronomi, Kültürel Miras Yönetimi ve Organik Tarım İşletmeciliği Bölümleri.(http://guby.comu.edu.tr/akademik3.html , Erişim tarihi: 3 Eylül 2012).
  • İlyasoğlu, Aynur; Soytemel, Ebru vd. (2002). Buldan 1 / 2, Türkiye Kültür Envanteri Pilot Bölge Çalışmaları. İstanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı, TÜBA.
  • Karabağ, Servet. (2007). “Coğrafya Öğretmenlerinin Mesleki Sorumlulukları”. S. Karabağ ve S. Şahin (Ed.), Kuram ve Uygulamada Coğrafya Eğitimi (271-283).Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi
  • Karagöz, A. (2012). “Her Şey Tohumla Başlar”. NG Türkiye (Ek: Gerçek Gıda, 131): 4-47.
  • Kiper, Perihan. (2006). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Kentlerin Tarihsel – Kültürel Değerlerinin Koruması, Türkiye – Bodrum Örneği. İstanbul: Sosyal Araştırmalar Vakfı
  • Kitson, Neil and Spiby, Ian. (1997). Drama 7 – 11: Developing Primary Teaching Skills. NY: Routledge.
  • Knox, L. Paul. (2005). “Creating Ordinary Places: Slow Cities in a Fast World”. Journal of Urban Design 10 (1), 1-11.
  • Kunzig, Robert. (2011). “Yedi Milyar”. NG Türkiye (Aralık, 128): 95-115.
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2012).(www.kultur.gov.tr , Erişim tarihi: 04.09.2012).
  • Lindholm, Charles and Zuquete, J. Pedro. (2010). The Struggle fort he World: Liberation Movements for the 21st Century. California: Stanford University Press.
  • Mayer, H. and Knox, L. P. (2006). “Slow Cities: Sustainable Places in a Fast World”. Journal of Urban Affairs 28 (4), 321-334.
  • Miele, M. (2008). “CittàSlow: Producing Slowness against the Fast Life”. Space and Politiy 12 (1): 135-156.
  • Modelski, George. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000. Washington DC: FAROS 2000, Signature Book Printing Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland.
  • Mohr, Juergen. (2011). From an Affluent Society to a Happy Society: Vital Signs Promising a Change and the Impacts on Industries. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH.
  • Morgan, Nigel; Pritchard, Annette and Pride, Roger. (2011). Destination Brands / Managing Place Reputation. UK: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Neelands, Jonathan. (2000). Structuring Drama Work: A Handbook of Available Forms in Theatre and Drama. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newman, Peter and Jennings, Isabella. (2008). Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems: Principles and Practices. Washington DC: Island Press.
  • Owen, David. (2009). Green Metropolis: Why Living Smaller, Living Closer and Driving Less are the Keys to Sustainability. NY, USA: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group Inc.
  • Pink, S. (2007). “Sensing CittàSlow: Slow Living and the Constitution of the Sensory City”. The Senses and Society 2 (1), 59-77.
  • Pink, Sarah. (2012a). Situating Everyday Life. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Pink, Sarah. (2012b). Advances in Visual Methodology. London: Sage Publication Ltd.
  • Radstrom, S. (2011). “Identity: An Introduction and History of CittàSlow”. Italian Journal of Planning Practice 1 (1), 90-113.
  • Ritzer, G. (2007). “Unique and Global”. Slow (56): 48-54.
  • Robinson, Peter; Heitmann, Sine and Dieke, Peter. (Eds.). (2011). Research Themes for Tourism. UK: MPG Books Group.
  • Scmitz, S. (2008). “Du New Urbanism au New Ruralism: Un Debat en Cours sur des Nouvelles Visions de L’avenir des Campagnes aux Etat’s – Unis”, Geocarréfour, 83 (4), 331-336.
  • Simons, J. (2000). “Creativity Processes and the Primary Classroom”. Primary Educator 6 (1), 8-20.
  • Slow Food. (2012). An Overview of the Slow Food Movement.(www.slowfood.com, Erişim tarihi: 16 Ağustos 2012).
  • Somers, John. (1995). Drama in the Curriculum. Great Britain: Cassell Educational Ltd.
  • Şarman, Ç. (2011). “Seferihisar: Yavaş Şehir”. Atlas 222 (9), 71-86.
  • Tuvi, Reyan. (2010). Mavi Tatil. İstanbul: Doğuş Yayın Grubu.
  • Yaşin, M. (2011). “Tohum Takası Şenliği”. Atlas 216 (3), 34.
  • Yılmaz, C.; Bilgi, G. M. (2011). “Aday Öğretmenlerin Coğrafya Arazi Çalışmalarına Bakışı”. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 11 (2), 961-983.
  • Yörükan, Turhan. (2005). İnsanca Yaşamak İçin Şehir ve Konut. Ankara: Ebabil Yayınları.
  • Yurtseven, H. Rıdvan. (2007). Slow Food ve Gökçeada: Yönetsel Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Üstündağ, Tülay. (2011). Yaratıcılığa Yolculuk. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Wilkinson, A. Joyce. (1993). Drama, Brain and Meaning. The Symbolic Dramatic Play – Literacy Connection: Whole Brain, Whole Body, Holistic Learning. USA: Ginn Press.
  • WTO (2011). Sustainable Development Tourism E-Bulletin.(www.unwto.org/sdt/, Erişim tarihi: 18 Eylül 2011).
  • WTTC (2012). World Travel and Tourism Council Report. (www.wttc.org/, Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2012).
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Görkem Bilgi This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Bilgi, M. G. (2013). Türkiye’nin Sakin Şehirlerinde Permakültürel Koruma, Planlama, Yönetim ve Eğitim Pratikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(29), 45-59.

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