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Polis Kültürü ve Değişim: Polis Kurumlarında Compstat Örnek Olayı

Year 2015, Issue: 34, 107 - 121, 01.08.2015

Abstract

Örgütsel değişim yönetim literatüründe önemli bir kavramdır. Bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların bir çoğu, kültür kavramının planlı örgütsel değişim çabalarının desteklenmesi, yönetilmesi ve engellenmesinde oynadığı çok yönlü role atıfta bulunur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı popüler bir örgütsel değişim modeli olan Compstat’ın uygulanması sonrasında Newark Polis Departmanında Amerika’nın Doğu kıyısında bulunan büyük bir polis departmanı yaşanan kültürel değerlerin değişimini anlamaktır. Bu model son 20 yılda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli bir çok polis biriminde uygulamaya konmuştur. Çalışmanın temel sorusu, bu modelin bu kurumda kültürel değerleri değiştirip değiştirmediği ve algılanan bir değişim varsa bunun nasıl olduğudur? Bu örnek olay çalışması içerisinde veriler derinlemesine mülakat, döküman analizi ve Compstat toplantılarının gözlemlenmesi ile toplanmış ve bu veriler tümevarım yaklaşımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Newark Polis Teşkilatında yaşanan kültürel değişimde, teknolojik ilerlemeler iş ortamında bilgisayar kullanımının yaygınlaşması , jenarasyon farklılıkları eğitim seviyesinin artması, iş beklentileri ve önceliklerinde yaşanan değişim , güçlü ve etkin liderlik becerileri, yönetim alanında yeni fikirlerin yaygınlaşması ve akademik dünyada geliştirilen yeni polislik yaklaşımlarının toplum destekli polislik, problem odaklı polislik etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm bu faktörlere ilave olarak, Compstat modelinin Newark Polis Departmanının ‘polislik yaklaşımı’ ve ‘yönetim anlayışının’ değişiminde etkili olduğu istisnasız biçimde kabul edilmiştir. Spesifik olarak, memurlar, Compstat’ın yapabilirim mentalitesi ile uyumlu bir proaktif anlayış kazanılmasında, bilgi ve suç istatistiklerinin merkezi bir role sahip olmasında, kişisel tecrübelerin ötesine geçen analiz odaklı bir yaklaşım geliştirilmesinde, bilimsel analizlerle uyumlu polislik yaklaşımlarının uygulanmasında ve halkla ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinde etkili olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Yönetim anlamında ise, Compstat’ın, hesap verebilirlik ile bağlantılı olarak sorumluluk alma anlayışının gelişmesinde, kurumsal esneklik noktasında, performans odaklı bir anlayışın kurumsallaşmasında ve yönetici kontrolünün artmasında etkili olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Yönetim tarafından istenen doğrultuda bir değişim olduğu açık olmakla birlikte, Compstat sonrası filozofi anlamında yaşanan değişim uygulamada yaşanan değişimden daha fazladır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, Compstat modelinin en temel unsurlarından biri olan Compstat toplantılarının yapısı ve dizaynının beyin fırtınası ve öğrenen bir organizasyon yaratmak için yeniden düzenlenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışma, kültürel değişim sürecini dinamik ve bağlamsal bir yaklaşımla ortaya koyarak alana özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Aynı zamanda, hem polis yöneticilerinin hem de memurların yaklaşımını ortaya koyması ve farklı veri toplama araçlarını kullanması bu çalışmaya değer katmaktadır

References

  • Bratton, W. and Knobler, P. (1998), Turnaround: How America’s top cop reversed the crime epidemic, Random House, New York.
  • Bryman, A. (1999), “Leadership in organizations”, In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Managing organizations: Current issues, London, Sage, pp. 26-42.
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  • Chan, J. (1996), “Changing police culture”, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 36, pp. 109-134.
  • Collins, D. (1998), Organizational change: Sociological perspectives, Rutledge, London.
  • Dawson, P. (1994), Organizational change: A processual approach, PCP, London.
  • Dilling, L. and Moser, S.C (2007), “Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change”, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Eisenberg, E. and Riley, P. (2001), “Organizational culture”, In F. M. Jablin and L. L. Putnam (Eds.), The new handbook of organizational communication, Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 291-322.
  • Eisenberg, E. M., Goodall, H. L. and Trethewey, A. (2006), Organizational communication: Balancing creativity and constraint, St Martin’s Press, New York.
  • Gallivan, M. J. (2001), “Meaning to change: How diverse stakeholders interpret organizational communication about change initiatives”, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 44, pp. 243-266.
  • Hofstede, G. and Hofstede G. J. (2005), Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, McGraw Hill, New York.
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  • Lindlof, T.R. and Taylor, B.C. (2002), Qualitative communication research methods, Sage, CA.
  • Maanen, V. J. (1974), “Working the streets: A developmental view of police behavior”, In H. Jacob (Ed.), The potential for reform of criminal justice, CA, Sage, pp. 53-130.
  • Manning, P. K. (1977), Police work: The social organization of policing, Waveland Press, IL.
  • Martin, J. (2002), Organizational culture: Mapping the terrain, Sage, CA.
  • Michela, J. L. and Burke, W. W. (2000), “Organizational culture and climate in transformations for quality and innovation”, In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. Wilderom and M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture & climate Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 225-245.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2002a), “Managing organizational culture: Insights from the hospitality industry”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 33-53.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2002b), “Organizational culture: A ten year, two-phase study of change in the UK food retailing sector”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 673-706.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Wilkinson, B. (2003), “The false promise of organizational culture change: A case study of middle managers in grocery retailing”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40, pp. 1151-1178.
  • O’Connell P. E. and Straub F. (2007), Performance-Based management for police organizations, Waveland Press Illinois.
  • Orlikowski, W. J. (1993), “CASE tools as organizational change: Investigating incremental and radical changes in systems development”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 309-340.
  • Peters, T. J. and Waterman, R. H. (1982), In Search of Excellence, Harper, New York.
  • Pettigrew, A. M. (1979), “On studying organizational cultures”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 570-581.
  • Schein, E. H. (1985), Organizational culture and leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Scott, W.R. (1998), Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems, Prentice Hall, NJ.
  • Silverman, E. B. (1999), NYPD battles crime: Innovative strategies in policing, Northeastern University Press, Boston.
  • Smircich, L. (1983), “Concepts of culture and organizational analysis”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28, pp. 339-358.
  • Smircich, L. and Calas, M. (1987), “Organizational culture: A critical assessment”, In F. Jablin, L. Putnam, K. Roberts & L. Porters (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Communication, Beverley Hills, Sage, pp. 228-263
  • Strauss, A. L. and Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage.
  • Thayer, L. (1988), On communication: Essays in understanding, Ablex Publishing, NJ.
  • Tromp, S. A. and Ruben, B. (2004), Strategic planning in higher education: A guide for leaders, Nacuba, Washington, DC.
  • Vito, G. F., Walsh, W. F. and Kunselman, J. (2005), “Compstat: The manager’s perspective”, International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 7, pp. 187-196.
  • Walker, R. (1985), Applied qualitative research, Gower, Aldershot, UK.
  • Walsh, W. F. and Vito, G. F. (2004), “The meaning of Compstat: Analysis and response”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol.20, pp. 51–69.
  • Weick, K. E. (1979), The social psychology of organizing, McGraw-Hill, NY.
  • Weick, K. E. and Quinn, R.E. (1999), “Organizational change and development”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 361-386.
  • Witherspoon, P. D. (1997), Communicating leadership: An organizational perspective, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
  • Zorn, T. E., Page, D. J. and Cheney, G. (2000), “Nuts about change: Multiple perspectives on change-oriented communication in a public sector organization”, Management Communication Quarterly, Vol. 13, pp. 515-566.

Police Culture and Change: The Case Of Compstat In Police Organizations

Year 2015, Issue: 34, 107 - 121, 01.08.2015

Abstract

Organizational change is an important concept in management literature. Most of the studies in this literature refer to the concept of culture due to the multidimensional role it is acknowledged to play in promoting, managing, or impeding planned organizational change efforts. The central purpose of this paper is to understand the change of cultural values in The Newark Police Department a large police department located in the east coast of the USA after the implementation of a popular planned organizational change model known as Compstat. This model has been implemented by numerous police organizations in the United States over the last two decades. The main question is if the introduction of Compstat perceived to have changed the cultural values of the organization? If so, how it changed the cultural values of the Newark Police Department. Data were collected in this case study through in-depth interviews, documents, and observation of the Compstat meetings, and analyzed using grounded theory. The study revealed that technological change i.e., computerization of work , generational differences i.e., education level, new priorities , change of society, leadership, diffusion of new ideas about management, and new policing approaches i.e., community policing, problem oriented policing developed in the academic world have all contributed to the cultural change in the NPD. In addition to these factors, there was an unexceptional agreement regarding the influence of Compstat on the cultural change in the NPD in terms of ‘policing approach’ and ‘management of police organization’. Specifically, officers pointed out the role of Compstat in terms of having a proactive approach in policing that goes along with a ‘can do’ mentality; the centrality of information and crime statistics; the focus on crime analysis instead of reliance on just anecdotal evidence and experience; adaptation of different policing approaches and tactics based on scientific analysis; and a closer relationship with the public. Change in the management in the NPD can be categorized as accountability that goes along with responsibility, organizational flexibility, and institutionalization of performance orientation and follow up mechanisms, and managerial control. However, there was a greater ‘change in philosophy’ than ‘change in practice’, but it was clear that there was substantial movement in the intended directions. The findings suggest designing differently the structure and setting of the Compstat meetings in a way to spur brain storming and promote a learning environment. This paper extends existing works on cultural change by presenting a dynamic and contextual understanding of the change process; presenting the perspectives of not only police managers but also officers from different ranks and positions; and using alternative data sources.

References

  • Bratton, W. and Knobler, P. (1998), Turnaround: How America’s top cop reversed the crime epidemic, Random House, New York.
  • Bryman, A. (1999), “Leadership in organizations”, In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy & W. R. Nord (Eds.), Managing organizations: Current issues, London, Sage, pp. 26-42.
  • Cameron, K. S. and Quinn, R. E. (1999), Diagnosing and changing organizational culture, Saddle River, NJ
  • Chan, J. (1996), “Changing police culture”, British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 36, pp. 109-134.
  • Collins, D. (1998), Organizational change: Sociological perspectives, Rutledge, London.
  • Dawson, P. (1994), Organizational change: A processual approach, PCP, London.
  • Dilling, L. and Moser, S.C (2007), “Creating a climate for change: Communicating climate change and facilitating social change”, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Eisenberg, E. and Riley, P. (2001), “Organizational culture”, In F. M. Jablin and L. L. Putnam (Eds.), The new handbook of organizational communication, Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 291-322.
  • Eisenberg, E. M., Goodall, H. L. and Trethewey, A. (2006), Organizational communication: Balancing creativity and constraint, St Martin’s Press, New York.
  • Gallivan, M. J. (2001), “Meaning to change: How diverse stakeholders interpret organizational communication about change initiatives”, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 44, pp. 243-266.
  • Hofstede, G. and Hofstede G. J. (2005), Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind, McGraw Hill, New York.
  • Jermier, J. M. and Berkes, L.J. (1979), “Leadership behavior in a police command bureaucracy: A closer look at the quasi-military model”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 1-23.
  • Lewis, L. K. (2011), Organizational Change: Creating change through strategic communication, Blackwell, West Sussex.
  • Lindlof, T.R. and Taylor, B.C. (2002), Qualitative communication research methods, Sage, CA.
  • Maanen, V. J. (1974), “Working the streets: A developmental view of police behavior”, In H. Jacob (Ed.), The potential for reform of criminal justice, CA, Sage, pp. 53-130.
  • Manning, P. K. (1977), Police work: The social organization of policing, Waveland Press, IL.
  • Martin, J. (2002), Organizational culture: Mapping the terrain, Sage, CA.
  • Michela, J. L. and Burke, W. W. (2000), “Organizational culture and climate in transformations for quality and innovation”, In N. M. Ashkanasy, C. P. Wilderom and M. F. Peterson (Eds.), Handbook of organizational culture & climate Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 225-245.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2002a), “Managing organizational culture: Insights from the hospitality industry”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 12, pp. 33-53.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Harris, L.C. (2002b), “Organizational culture: A ten year, two-phase study of change in the UK food retailing sector”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 39, pp. 673-706.
  • Ogbonna, E. and Wilkinson, B. (2003), “The false promise of organizational culture change: A case study of middle managers in grocery retailing”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40, pp. 1151-1178.
  • O’Connell P. E. and Straub F. (2007), Performance-Based management for police organizations, Waveland Press Illinois.
  • Orlikowski, W. J. (1993), “CASE tools as organizational change: Investigating incremental and radical changes in systems development”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 17, pp. 309-340.
  • Peters, T. J. and Waterman, R. H. (1982), In Search of Excellence, Harper, New York.
  • Pettigrew, A. M. (1979), “On studying organizational cultures”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 570-581.
  • Schein, E. H. (1985), Organizational culture and leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Scott, W.R. (1998), Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems, Prentice Hall, NJ.
  • Silverman, E. B. (1999), NYPD battles crime: Innovative strategies in policing, Northeastern University Press, Boston.
  • Smircich, L. (1983), “Concepts of culture and organizational analysis”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 28, pp. 339-358.
  • Smircich, L. and Calas, M. (1987), “Organizational culture: A critical assessment”, In F. Jablin, L. Putnam, K. Roberts & L. Porters (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Communication, Beverley Hills, Sage, pp. 228-263
  • Strauss, A. L. and Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage.
  • Thayer, L. (1988), On communication: Essays in understanding, Ablex Publishing, NJ.
  • Tromp, S. A. and Ruben, B. (2004), Strategic planning in higher education: A guide for leaders, Nacuba, Washington, DC.
  • Vito, G. F., Walsh, W. F. and Kunselman, J. (2005), “Compstat: The manager’s perspective”, International Journal of Police Science and Management, Vol. 7, pp. 187-196.
  • Walker, R. (1985), Applied qualitative research, Gower, Aldershot, UK.
  • Walsh, W. F. and Vito, G. F. (2004), “The meaning of Compstat: Analysis and response”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol.20, pp. 51–69.
  • Weick, K. E. (1979), The social psychology of organizing, McGraw-Hill, NY.
  • Weick, K. E. and Quinn, R.E. (1999), “Organizational change and development”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 361-386.
  • Witherspoon, P. D. (1997), Communicating leadership: An organizational perspective, Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
  • Zorn, T. E., Page, D. J. and Cheney, G. (2000), “Nuts about change: Multiple perspectives on change-oriented communication in a public sector organization”, Management Communication Quarterly, Vol. 13, pp. 515-566.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yusuf Yuksel This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Yuksel, Y. (2015). Police Culture and Change: The Case Of Compstat In Police Organizations. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(34), 107-121.

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