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Iris Murdoch’ın Birinci Kişi Anlatısında Okuyucunun Empati Duygusunun Suistimal Edilmesi

Year 2017, Issue: 38, 133 - 139, 01.08.2017

Abstract

Oldukça üretken bir İrlandalı yazar ve filozof olan Iris Murdoch 1919-1999 , kendisinin onbeşinci romanı olan ve ilk kez 1973 yılında duyurulan The Black Prince’i, sadece Platon’a karşı değil aynı zamanda Shakespeare ve Freud’a karşı da saygısını ifade etmek için yayımlamıştır. Bu romanın bir özelliği ise, Murdoch’ın ana karakterinin Freud’cu cinsellik betimlemesinin Shakespeare ve onun kurgusal karakteri olan Hamlet’e bir gönderme olduğunun roman boyunca tartışılmasıdır. Kurgusal bir yapıtta karakterle kurulan özdeşleştirme açıktır ve “okuyucuların karakterler ve kurgusal eserlerin diğer özelliklerine duydukları empati ve sempati sorgulanamaz” Keen, 2007; vii . Fakat bu romanın yukarıdaki özellikleri yanında, The Black Prince okuyucunun kendisine duyduğu empatiyi suistimal etmeye çok yatkın bir ana karakteri betimler. Murdoch romanını belli başlı karakterlerinin tamamı tarafından yazılan önsöz ve sonsözler etrafında kurguladığından, tek anlatıcı ve bu nedenle de tek bilgi kaynağı olması beklenen ana karakter The Black Prince anlatıcının karakterlerden birisi, genellikle de ana karakter, olduğu birinci kişi anlatımı örneğidir. bu ayrıcalığını kaybedip – romanın kurgusal editörü ana karakterin de aralarında bulunduğu diğer karakterler tarafından anlatılan önsöz ve sonsözleri yayımladığından – kendi öykülerini anlatan diğer karakterler arasında yerini alır. Bu nedenle, roman boyunca ana karakter sadece doğruyu anlattığını yineler. Okuyucunun kendisine olan ilgisinin kaybolmasını istemez. Fakat, anlatımının ana konuları, diğer anlatıcıların ortaya koyduğu olgularla çelişir. Bu nedenle The Black Prince olayları anlatımı okuyucu için güvenilir olmayan bir ana karakteri betimler. Romanda okuyucuya doğru yerine doğrunun kendi yorumlamasını anlatan bir ana karakterin varlığı gözle görülür hale gelir

References

  • Byatt, A. S. (1980). ‘People in Paper Houses: Attitutes to Realism and Experiment in English Postwar Fiction’, The Contemporary English Novel, edited by Malcolm Bradbury and David John Palmer, 34-36. New York: Holmes and Meier Publication Inc.
  • Erdem Mete, Defne. (2015). “Critical Incidents as Narratives for Literature Students.” International Journal of Arts and Sciences. 08(02): 43-48.
  • Feagin, Susan L. (1997). “Imagining Emotions and Appreciating Fiction.” Emotion and the Arts. Mette Hjort and Sue Laver (eds.). New York: Oxford UP.
  • Gerrig, Richard J. (1993). Experiencing Narrative on the Psychological Worlds: Activities of Reading. London: New Haven.
  • van Gerwen, Rob. (2015). “Fictions Sharing Subjectivity.” Fiction and Art: Explorations in Contemporary Theory. Ananta Sukla (ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. New York: Cambridge UP.
  • Hutcheon, Linda. (1980). Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. New York: Methuen.
  • Iacoboni, Marco. (2009). Mirroring People. New York: Picador.
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford: Oxford UP.
  • McCracken, Ellen. (2011). “The Postmodern Continuum of Canon and Kitsch: Narrative and Semiotic Strategies of Chicana High Culture and Chicana Literature.” Analyzing World Fiction: New Horizons in Narrative Theory. Frederick Luis Aldama (ed.). Austin: U of Texas P.
  • Murdoch, Iris. (2003). The Black Prince. New York: Penguin Classics.
  • --- (1999). ‘The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists’, Existentialists and Mystics: Writings on Philosophy and Literature, edited by Peter Conradi, 390-396. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Nichol, Bran. (2004). Iris Murdoch: The Retrospective Fiction. Hampshire: Palgrave.
  • Tucker, Lindsay, ed. (1992). Critical Essays on Iris Murdoch. New York: G. K. Hall and Co.
  • Zahavi, Dan. (2014). Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy and Shame. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Manipulation of the Reader’s Empathy in Iris Murdoch’s First-Person Narrative

Year 2017, Issue: 38, 133 - 139, 01.08.2017

Abstract

As a very prolific Irish author and philosopher, Iris Murdoch published her fifteenth novel, The Black Prince, which was first announced in 1973, to pay homage not only to Plato, but also to Shakespeare and Freud. What is peculiar to this novel is the fact that it is especially discussed throughout the text that the Freudian sexual imagery of Murdoch’s protagonist is a clear reference to both Shakespeare and his fictional creation, Hamlet. It is obvious that in a fictional work character identification requires empathy, and “There is no question ... that readers feel empathy with and sympathy for fictional characters and other aspects of fictional worlds” Keen, 2007; vii . However, besides the above qualities of the novel, The Black Price pictures a protagonist who is very likely to manipulate the reader’s empathy with him. As Murdoch unconventionally structured her novel to have forewords and postscripts by all of her main characters, her protagonist, who is supposed to be the only speaker and thus the only source of information for the reader The Black Prince is an example of first-person narration where the narrator is one of the characters in the story, usually the protagonist of the text , loses his privilege and becomes just one of the speakers among other characters who have their own narratives – the forewords and the postscripts since the fictional editor of the novel publishes texts written by all of the main characters of the novel, including the protagonist. Because of this, the protagonist throughout the novel frequently announces that he tells the reader nothing but the truth. He does not want to lose the reader’s interest on him as the protagonist of the novel that the reader is reading. However, the main points of his narration seem to contradict especially with the points that Murdoch’s other main characters establish in their own narratives. Hence, The Black Prince depicts a protagonist whose account of the events fails to be reliable for the reader. It becomes quite possible in the novel that the protagonist tells the reader not the truth, but his own version of the truth

References

  • Byatt, A. S. (1980). ‘People in Paper Houses: Attitutes to Realism and Experiment in English Postwar Fiction’, The Contemporary English Novel, edited by Malcolm Bradbury and David John Palmer, 34-36. New York: Holmes and Meier Publication Inc.
  • Erdem Mete, Defne. (2015). “Critical Incidents as Narratives for Literature Students.” International Journal of Arts and Sciences. 08(02): 43-48.
  • Feagin, Susan L. (1997). “Imagining Emotions and Appreciating Fiction.” Emotion and the Arts. Mette Hjort and Sue Laver (eds.). New York: Oxford UP.
  • Gerrig, Richard J. (1993). Experiencing Narrative on the Psychological Worlds: Activities of Reading. London: New Haven.
  • van Gerwen, Rob. (2015). “Fictions Sharing Subjectivity.” Fiction and Art: Explorations in Contemporary Theory. Ananta Sukla (ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011). What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion. New York: Cambridge UP.
  • Hutcheon, Linda. (1980). Narcissistic Narrative: The Metafictional Paradox. New York: Methuen.
  • Iacoboni, Marco. (2009). Mirroring People. New York: Picador.
  • Keen, Suzanne. (2007). Empathy and the Novel. Oxford: Oxford UP.
  • McCracken, Ellen. (2011). “The Postmodern Continuum of Canon and Kitsch: Narrative and Semiotic Strategies of Chicana High Culture and Chicana Literature.” Analyzing World Fiction: New Horizons in Narrative Theory. Frederick Luis Aldama (ed.). Austin: U of Texas P.
  • Murdoch, Iris. (2003). The Black Prince. New York: Penguin Classics.
  • --- (1999). ‘The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists’, Existentialists and Mystics: Writings on Philosophy and Literature, edited by Peter Conradi, 390-396. New York: Penguin Books.
  • Nichol, Bran. (2004). Iris Murdoch: The Retrospective Fiction. Hampshire: Palgrave.
  • Tucker, Lindsay, ed. (1992). Critical Essays on Iris Murdoch. New York: G. K. Hall and Co.
  • Zahavi, Dan. (2014). Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy and Shame. Oxford: Oxford UP.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Barış Mete This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Issue: 38

Cite

APA Mete, B. (2017). Manipulation of the Reader’s Empathy in Iris Murdoch’s First-Person Narrative. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(38), 133-139.

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