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Kültürel Zekânın Etkileşimci ve Dönüşümcü Liderlik Stilleri Üzerine Etkisi: Erbil'de Yardım Kuruluşları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2019, Issue: 41, 148 - 160, 01.02.2019

Abstract

Küreselleşme ve onun bir diğer yüzü olan uluslararası / çok uluslu örgütler, farklı kültürlerin hem sosyal hem de örgütsel ortamlarda birbiriyle kesişmesine olanak tanırlar. Farkılaştırılmış kültürlerin etkileşimi, farklı yerleşik kültürel değer ve koşullara göre davranmayı gerektirir. Bu noktada, Kültürel Zekâ KZ , toplumla ya da farklı kültürel kökenden gelen herhangi bir toplulukla bağlantılı ve önemli bir kavram olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Örgütlerde, birbirinden farklı kültürlerden gelen bireylerin yönetilmesi işletmenin devamlılığı için kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Dolayısıyla, kültürel zekânın farklı liderlik stillerinin uygulama sürecinde bir rolü olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kültürel zekânın, etkileşimci ve dönüşümcü liderlik stilleri üzerinde bir etkisinin olup olmadığını incelemektir. Irak'ın Erbil şehrinde bulunan dört yardım kuruluşu evren olarak seçilmiş olup bu kuruluşlardaki toplam 200 çalışanın 116’sı çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Kültürel zekayı ölçmek için, Ang ve Dyne 1996 tarafından geliştirilen bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin maddeleri Ang ve diğerlerinden 2007 alınmıştır. Liderlik stillerini ölçmek için ise, Bernard M. Bass ve Bruce J. Avolio tarafından geliştirilen, Mind Garden, Inc. tarafından yayınlanan Çok Yönlü Liderlik Anketi Lider Formu MLQ 5x-Short bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçek 45 maddeden oluşmaktadır fakat bu araştırma için 32 ölçek ifadesi kullanılmıştır 12 soru Etkileşimci Liderlik ve 20 soru Dönüşümcü Liderlik olmak üzere . Anket yöntemi ile toplanan veriler, frekans analizi, korelasyon analizi, regresyon analizi ve ortalama karşılaştırma analizi kullanılarak SPSS 23 programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kültürel zekâ ile her iki liderlik stili – etkileşimci ve dönüşümcü liderlik stili - arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, kültürel zekânın her bir boyutu ile hem etkileşimci liderlik hem de dönüşümcü liderlik arasında pozitif bir ilişki vardır. Bu sonuç itibariyle, bir başka deyişle, kültürel zeka seviyeleri arttığında, liderler de çok iyi performans göstermektedir. Regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise, kültürel zekanın etkileşimci liderlik üzerinde etkisi vardır R= %24.8, Düzeltilmiş R= %24.2 . Ayrıca, sonuçlar kültürel zekanın dönüşümcü liderlik üzerinde de etkili olduğunu göstermiştir R= %25.7, Düzeltilmiş R= %25.0 . Kültürel zeka ile ilgili olan etkileşimci liderlik ve dönüşümcü liderlik de dahil olmak üzere diğer araştırma örneklerinde tartışıldığı gibi, araştırmamız da söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri doğrulamıştır. Bazı farklılıklar olsa bile, bunun nedeni farklı kültürlerin, coğrafyanın ve zamanın işlenmesidir.

References

  • Ang S. & Dyne, L. V. Conceptualization of Cultual Intelligence Definition, Distinctiveness, and Nomological Network. Chapter 1. http://www.linnvandyne.com/papers/Ang%20&%20Van%20Dyne%202008%20Handbook%20Ch%201%20Conceptualization%20of%20CQ.pdf., 2008.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. Handbook of Cultural Intelligence Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Armonk, New York, London, England: Publisher, M.E. Sharpe ISBN 978-0-7656-2262-4, 2008.
  • Attar, M. Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Özelliklerinin Örgütsel Ustalık (Organizational Ambidexterity) Düzeyine Etkisi: Türk Bankacılık Sektörü, Gazi Kitabevi: Ankara, 2015.
  • Daft, R. L. Management. Eighth Edition, Vanderbilt University,Thomson South-Western, Printed in the United States of America, 2008.
  • Earley, P. C., Murnieks, C. & Mosakowski, E. Cultural Intelligence and the Global Mindset, in Mansour Javidan, Richard M. Steers, Michael A. Hitt (ed.) The Global Mindset (Advances in International Management, Volume 19) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.75 - 103, 2007.
  • Earley, P. C. Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures, Stanford University Press, california: Library congress cataloging ISBN: 0-8047-4312-6, 2003.
  • Earley, P. C. & Ang, S. Cultural intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures, Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.
  • Griffin, R. & Ebert, R. J. Business Essentials. Ninth Edıtıon. Ricky W. Iı. Title.: Library Of Congress Cataloging-İn-Publication Data Isbn 10: 0-13-266402-X. 2013.
  • Gully, S. M. & Moua, M. Culturally Intelligent Leadership: Leading Through Intercultural Interactions. Business Expert Press, LLC 222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017 ISBN-13: 978-1-60649-151-5 (paperback), 2010.
  • Gustafson, B. History, Biography and Leadership: Grasping Public Lives. ANU Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Public Leadership, 2008.
  • Heath, R. L. Encyclopedia of Public Relations, 2nd Edition, University of Houston: SAGE Publications ISBN 978-1-4522-4079-4 (cloth). 2013.
  • Kippenberger, T. Leadership Styles. United Kingdom: Capstone Publishing (a Wiley company) 8 Newtec Place Magdalen RoadOxford OX4 1RE, 2002.
  • Koçel, T. İşletme Yöneticiliği, Istanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Genişletilmiş 15. Baskı, ISBN 978 - 605 - 333 - 139 - 1., 2014.
  • Livermore, D. The Cultural Intelligence Difference. Master the One Skill You Can’t Do Without in Today’s Global Economy. New York • Atlanta • Brussels • Chicago • Mexico City • San Francisco: American Management Association 1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019, 2010.
  • Livermore, D. Leading with Cultural İntelligence: The Real Secret to Success. United States of America.: Amacom American Management Association ISBN 978-0-8144-4917-2 (hardcover)—ISBN 0-8144-4917-4 (hardcover), 2015.
  • Livermore, D. & Dyne, L. V. Cultural Intelligence: The Essential Intelligence for the 21st Century. Ingersoll Rand, SHRM Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America, 2015.
  • Peterson, B. Cultural İntelligence: A Guide to Working with People from Other Cultures. London, EC1R 4QB UK: Intercultural Press Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2004.
  • Punj, N. (2016). The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Transformational Leadership among Law Enforcement Leaders: A Mixed Methods Study, Ankshika Punj North. Carolina A&T State University. https://www.ncat.edu/tgc/continuing/thesis/Ankshika%20Punj%20Slide.pdf
  • Robbins, S. P. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. San Diego State University: Pearson Education, Seventh Edition ISBN 0-13-035309-4, 2002.
  • Robbins, S. P. & Coulter, M. Management, Eleveth Edition. Publishing As Prentice Hall, Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco, 2012.
  • Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, G. J. & Uhl-Bien, M. Organizational Behavior. 11th edition. Publication by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. Spss Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık, 2004.

Effect of Cultural Intelligence on Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles: A Research in Charity Organizations in Erbil

Year 2019, Issue: 41, 148 - 160, 01.02.2019

Abstract

Globalization and its counterpart – international/multinational organizations enable different cultures coincide with one another in both social and organizational settings. Interaction of diversified cultures necessitates behaving accordingly to different settled cultural values and conditions. At this point, Cultural Intelligence CI comes into scene as a crucial asset while being in relation with society or any community from different cultural backgrounds. In organizations, leading heterogeneous individuals coherently is of critical importance for the continuity of the organization itself. Thus, it is anticipated that cultural intelligence shall have a part in leadership styles in terms of its implementation process. The aim of this study is to examine whether cultural intelligence has an impact on leadership styles – transactional and transformational leadership styles. Four charity organizations located in Erbil, Iraq are chosen as the population and the sample of the investigation consists of 116 employees out of 200 employees working for them. To measure cultural intelligence, a scale developed by Ang and Dyne 1996 is used. The items of the scale are taken from Ang et al 2007 . To measure leadership styles, a scale developed by Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio, has been used Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Leader Form MLQ 5x-Short published by Mind Garden, Inc. This scale is composed of 45 items but 32 questions are used 12 questions Transactional Leadership and 20 questions Transformational Leadership for this research. The data collected by survey method is analysed by SPSS 23 program using frequency analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and mean comparison analyses.The results indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between cultural intelligence and both leadership styles – transactional and transformational leadership. Also there is a positive significant relationship between each dimension of cultural intelligence with both transactional leadership and transformational leadership.As a result of this, in other words, when cultural intelligence levels rise at work, the leaders are also performing very well. According to the results of the regression analysis, the cultural intelligence has an impact on the transactional leadership R=24.8%, Adjusted R=24.2% . Also the results showed that cultural intelligence has an impact on the transformational leadership R=25.7, Adjusted R 25.0% .As discussed in other research examples including transactional leadership and transformational leadership, which is related to the cultural intelligence, our research has confirmed the relationships between each other, too.Even if there are some differences, this is due to handling of different culture, geography and time

References

  • Ang S. & Dyne, L. V. Conceptualization of Cultual Intelligence Definition, Distinctiveness, and Nomological Network. Chapter 1. http://www.linnvandyne.com/papers/Ang%20&%20Van%20Dyne%202008%20Handbook%20Ch%201%20Conceptualization%20of%20CQ.pdf., 2008.
  • Ang, S. & Dyne, L. V. Handbook of Cultural Intelligence Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Armonk, New York, London, England: Publisher, M.E. Sharpe ISBN 978-0-7656-2262-4, 2008.
  • Attar, M. Üst Düzey Yöneticilerin Liderlik Özelliklerinin Örgütsel Ustalık (Organizational Ambidexterity) Düzeyine Etkisi: Türk Bankacılık Sektörü, Gazi Kitabevi: Ankara, 2015.
  • Daft, R. L. Management. Eighth Edition, Vanderbilt University,Thomson South-Western, Printed in the United States of America, 2008.
  • Earley, P. C., Murnieks, C. & Mosakowski, E. Cultural Intelligence and the Global Mindset, in Mansour Javidan, Richard M. Steers, Michael A. Hitt (ed.) The Global Mindset (Advances in International Management, Volume 19) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.75 - 103, 2007.
  • Earley, P. C. Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures, Stanford University Press, california: Library congress cataloging ISBN: 0-8047-4312-6, 2003.
  • Earley, P. C. & Ang, S. Cultural intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures, Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.
  • Griffin, R. & Ebert, R. J. Business Essentials. Ninth Edıtıon. Ricky W. Iı. Title.: Library Of Congress Cataloging-İn-Publication Data Isbn 10: 0-13-266402-X. 2013.
  • Gully, S. M. & Moua, M. Culturally Intelligent Leadership: Leading Through Intercultural Interactions. Business Expert Press, LLC 222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017 ISBN-13: 978-1-60649-151-5 (paperback), 2010.
  • Gustafson, B. History, Biography and Leadership: Grasping Public Lives. ANU Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Public Leadership, 2008.
  • Heath, R. L. Encyclopedia of Public Relations, 2nd Edition, University of Houston: SAGE Publications ISBN 978-1-4522-4079-4 (cloth). 2013.
  • Kippenberger, T. Leadership Styles. United Kingdom: Capstone Publishing (a Wiley company) 8 Newtec Place Magdalen RoadOxford OX4 1RE, 2002.
  • Koçel, T. İşletme Yöneticiliği, Istanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Genişletilmiş 15. Baskı, ISBN 978 - 605 - 333 - 139 - 1., 2014.
  • Livermore, D. The Cultural Intelligence Difference. Master the One Skill You Can’t Do Without in Today’s Global Economy. New York • Atlanta • Brussels • Chicago • Mexico City • San Francisco: American Management Association 1601 Broadway, New York, NY 10019, 2010.
  • Livermore, D. Leading with Cultural İntelligence: The Real Secret to Success. United States of America.: Amacom American Management Association ISBN 978-0-8144-4917-2 (hardcover)—ISBN 0-8144-4917-4 (hardcover), 2015.
  • Livermore, D. & Dyne, L. V. Cultural Intelligence: The Essential Intelligence for the 21st Century. Ingersoll Rand, SHRM Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America, 2015.
  • Peterson, B. Cultural İntelligence: A Guide to Working with People from Other Cultures. London, EC1R 4QB UK: Intercultural Press Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2004.
  • Punj, N. (2016). The Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Transformational Leadership among Law Enforcement Leaders: A Mixed Methods Study, Ankshika Punj North. Carolina A&T State University. https://www.ncat.edu/tgc/continuing/thesis/Ankshika%20Punj%20Slide.pdf
  • Robbins, S. P. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. San Diego State University: Pearson Education, Seventh Edition ISBN 0-13-035309-4, 2002.
  • Robbins, S. P. & Coulter, M. Management, Eleveth Edition. Publishing As Prentice Hall, Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco, 2012.
  • Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, G. J. & Uhl-Bien, M. Organizational Behavior. 11th edition. Publication by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. Spss Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık, 2004.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melis Attar This is me

Mohammed Saber Jamı This is me

Serap Kalfaoğlu This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Attar, M., Saber Jamı, M., & Kalfaoğlu, S. (2019). Effect of Cultural Intelligence on Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles: A Research in Charity Organizations in Erbil. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(41), 148-160.

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