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Kişi Başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla ve Suç Oranının Karbon Salınımı Üzerine Etkisi

Year 2019, Issue: 42.1, 25 - 33, 01.12.2019

Abstract

Çalışma, kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla, suç oranının karbon salınımı üzerine etkisini incelemektedir. Çalışma, suç ve kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla’nın etkileştiği ve karbon salınımı üzerine doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak etkilerde bulunduğu üzerine teorik olarak kurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma ilgili literatüre, karbon salınımı, kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla ve cinayet oranları arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek ve bunu yapan ilk çalışma olması nedeniyle katkıda bulunmaktadır. Çalışma, 1996-2014 periyodu için 21 Avrupa Birliği ülkesi verisini kullanmaktadır. Değişkenler arasındaki etkileşimi ve içsel belirlenmeyi dikkate alan Panel VAR ekonometri yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Panel Granger nedensellik sonuçları kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla ve cinayet oranları arasında iki yönlü nedensellik ve karbon salınımından, kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla’ya tek yönlü nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Varyans ayrıştırma sonuçlarına göre karbon salınımı, kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi serisindeki değişimin %40’lık kısmını açıklamaktadır, kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla ise kendinde olan değişimin %60’lık kısmını açıklamaktadır. Bunlara ilaveten, cinayet oranı ve karbon salınımı değişkenleri ise kendilerindeki değişimi en yüksek yüzdeyle açıklamaktadırlar. Etki-tepki analizi sonuçları; kişi başına Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasıla’ya bir kerelik, bir standart hatalık şok gelmesi durumunda , cinayet oranının azaldığını , karbon salınımının da aynı şokla karşı karşıya olduğunda değişmediğini göstermektedir. Etki tepki sonuçları; cinayet oranına bir kerelik, bir standart hatalık şok gelmesi durumunda kişi başı Gayrisafi Yurtiçi Hasılanın azaldığını , karbon salınımının ise aynı şokla karşı karşıya olduğunda değişmediğini göstermektedir. Bunlara ilaveten, etki tepki analizi sonuçları; karbon salınımına bir kerelik, bir standart hatalık şok gelmesi durumunda kişi başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasılanın arttığını ve cinayet oranının da aynı şokla karşı karşıya olduğunda arttığını göstermektedir. Araştırma bulguları; kişi başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasılanın, cinayet oranını ekonominin kalkınma patikası boyunca dolaylı ve dolaysız kanallar aracılığıyla negatif etkilediğini göstermektedir. Her ne kadar kişi başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasılanın karbon salınımını etkilemediği ilgili literatürdeki bazı çalışmalarla çelişse de, karbon salınımının kişi başı Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasılayı arttırdığı Kirlilik Sığınağı hipotezi çerçevesinde ele alınabilir

References

  • Abrigo, M. R. M. & Love, I. (2015). Estimation of panel vector autoregression in Stata: A package of programs. Manuscript, Febr 2015 [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2018].
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  • Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error- components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68 (1): 29-51.
  • Azam, M. (2016). “Does Environmental Degradation Shackle Economic Growth? A Panel Data Investigation on 11 Asian Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no: 65, p. 175-182.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2): 168-217
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  • Brisman, A. (2007). “Crime-environment Relationships and Environmental Justice”, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 6 (2): 727-817
  • Chalfin, A. and McCrary, J. (2018). “Are US Cities Underpoliced? Theory and Evidence”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 100 (1): 167-186.
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  • Kelly, M. (2000). “Inequality and Crime”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 82 (4): 530-539.
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  • Levinson, A. and Taylor, M. S. (2008). “Unmasking the Pollution haven Effect”, International Economic Review, 49 (1): 223-254.
  • Lin, M. J. (2009). “More Police, Less Crime: Evidence from US State Data”, International Review of Law and Economics, 29 (2): 73-80.
  • Mehlum, H., Moene, K. and Torvik, R. (2005). “Crime Induced Poverty Traps”. Journal of Development Economics, 77 (2): 325-340.
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  • Skudder, H., Brunton-Smith, I., Cole, J., McInnes, A., and Druckman, A. (2017). “The Falling Carbon Footprint of Acquisitive and Violent Offences”, The British Journal of Criminology, 58 (2): 351-371.
  • Team, C. W., Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. A. (2014). IPCC, 2014: climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I. II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151.
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The Impact of GDP Per Capita and Crime Rate on the C02 Emission

Year 2019, Issue: 42.1, 25 - 33, 01.12.2019

Abstract

The study aims to examine empirically the impact of GDP per capita as well as the crime rate on carbon emission. Because these variables are endogenously determined we use Panel VAR methodology. The study contributes to the literature by examining the nexus among the carbon emission, the crime rate and the GDP per capita. For the purpose of the study, we use data for 21 European countries over the period 1996-2014. Panel Granger causality tests indicate that there is a bi-directional causality between GDP per capita and homicide. Panel granger causality tests also indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from carbon emission to GDP, and from carbon emission to homicide rates. Moreover, according to forecast error variance decomposition results carbon emission explains 40 % of the variance of the GDP per capita. GDP per capita explains 60% of the variance of the GDP per capita. Additionally, a high portion of variances of homicide rate and carbon emission is explained by changes in these variables. According to impulse response functions; homicide rate decreases and carbon emission does not change if there is a one time, one standard deviation shock to GDP per capita. Impulse response function results indicate that GDP per capita decreases and carbon emission does not change if there is a one time, one standard deviation shock to homicide rates. Moreover, impulse response function results show that GDP per capita increases and homicide rate increases if there is a one time, one standard deviation shock to carbon emission. These results imply that GDP per capita increase would impact crime negatively along the development path through direct and indirect channels. Even though the findings showing that GDP per capita does not affect carbon emission conflict with some of the studies in the literature, the positive impact of carbon emission on the economic wellbeing can be explained by the view granted by the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

References

  • Abrigo, M. R. M. & Love, I. (2015). Estimation of panel vector autoregression in Stata: A package of programs. Manuscript, Febr 2015 [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2018].
  • Agras, J. and Chapman, D. (1999). “A Dynamic Approach to the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis”, Ecological Economics, 28 (2): 267-277.
  • Amorim, G. and Da Silva, M. E. A. (2016). Governance and Growth: A Panel VAR Approach. [Online] b664b335dcf00c41e5f5adbbd539cbd1.pdf>, [Erişim tarihi: 06.10.2018]. at
  • Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995). “Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error- components Models”, Journal of Econometrics, 68 (1): 29-51.
  • Azam, M. (2016). “Does Environmental Degradation Shackle Economic Growth? A Panel Data Investigation on 11 Asian Countries”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no: 65, p. 175-182.
  • Becker, G. S. (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2): 168-217
  • Bimonte, S. (2001). “Model of Growth and Environmental Quality. A New Evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. Universita degli Studi di Siena Quaderni, no: 321, p. 1-26.
  • Brisman, A. (2007). “Crime-environment Relationships and Environmental Justice”, Seattle Journal for Social Justice, 6 (2): 727-817
  • Chalfin, A. and McCrary, J. (2018). “Are US Cities Underpoliced? Theory and Evidence”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 100 (1): 167-186.
  • Cole, M. A. (2004). “Trade, the Pollution Haven Hypothesis and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Examining the Linkages”, Ecological Economics, 48 (1): 71-81.
  • de Vries, G. J., and Ferrarini, B. (2017). “What Accounts for the Growth of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Advanced and Emerging Economies? The Role of Consumption, Technology and Global Supply Chain Participation”, Ecological Economics, no: 132, p. 213-223.
  • DiIulio, J. J. (1996). “Help Wanted: Economists, Crime and Public Policy”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (1): 3-24.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1993). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, Garber P.(éd.), The US-Mexico Free Trade Agreement, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1655177.
  • Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B. (1995). “Economic Growth and the Environment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (2): 353-377.
  • Holtz-Eakin, D. and Selden, T. M. (1995). “Stoking the Fires? CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth”, Journal of Public Economics, 57 (1): 85-101.
  • Jacobson, M. Z. (2008). “On the Causal Link between Carbon Dioxide and Air pollution Mortality”, Geophysical Research Letters, 35 (3): 1-45.
  • Kelly, M. (2000). “Inequality and Crime”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 82 (4): 530-539.
  • Kuo, F. E. and Sullivan, W. C. (2001). “Environment and Crime in the Inner City: Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?”, Environment and Behavior, 33 (3): 343-367.
  • Levinson, A. and Taylor, M. S. (2008). “Unmasking the Pollution haven Effect”, International Economic Review, 49 (1): 223-254.
  • Lin, M. J. (2009). “More Police, Less Crime: Evidence from US State Data”, International Review of Law and Economics, 29 (2): 73-80.
  • Mehlum, H., Moene, K. and Torvik, R. (2005). “Crime Induced Poverty Traps”. Journal of Development Economics, 77 (2): 325-340.
  • Panayotou, T. (2016). “Economic Growth and the Environment”, The Environment in Anthropology, p. 140-148.
  • Pease, Ken. The Carbon Cost of Crime and Its Implications, London, ACPO Secured by Design, 2009.
  • Richmond, A. K., & Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). “Is There A Turning Point in the Relationship between Income and Energy Use and/or Carbon Emissions?”, Ecological Economics, 56 (2): 176-189.
  • Selden, T. M. and Song, D. (1994). “Environmental Quality and Development: is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27 (2): 147-162.
  • Shahbaz, M., Mutascu, M. and Azim, P. (2013). “Environmental Kuznets Curve İn Romania And The Role Of Energy Consumption”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, no: 18, p. 165-173.
  • Skudder, H., Brunton-Smith, I., Cole, J., McInnes, A., and Druckman, A. (2017). “The Falling Carbon Footprint of Acquisitive and Violent Offences”, The British Journal of Criminology, 58 (2): 351-371.
  • Team, C. W., Pachauri, R. K., & Meyer, L. A. (2014). IPCC, 2014: climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I. II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151.
  • Watson, R. T., Patz, J., Gubler, D. J., Parson, E. A., & Vincent, J. H. (2005). “Environmental health implications of global climate change”, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 7 (9): 834-843.
  • World Development Indicators. The World Bank. [Online] Available at: , [Erişim tarihi: 01.10.2018].
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Deniz Güvercin This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 42.1

Cite

APA Güvercin, D. (2019). The Impact of GDP Per Capita and Crime Rate on the C02 Emission. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(42.1), 25-33.

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