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Çeviride Yeniden Sömürgeleştirme / Sömürgecilikten Arındırma

Year 2018, Issue: 40, 146 - 160, 01.08.2018

Abstract

Anglofon Afrika yazınında kullanılan eski İngiliz sömürgeciliğine ait yaratıcı yazın dili sömürgecilik sonrası edebiyat içinde fazlasıyla ilgi görmüş olsa da bu benimsenen kurgusal edebiyatın ve dilbilimsel açıdan melez söylemin baskın bir Avrupa diline çevrildiğinde ortaya çıkanlar hakkında günümüze kadar çok az çalışma yapılmıştır. Özellikle bu durumun ideolojik çıkarımları üzerine fazla çalışma yapılmamış olmasının yanında çeviribilim alanında bu konuyla ilgili yapılan az sayıdaki çalışmanın ise, hem kaynak metinde hem de çeviride akıcı olmayan stratejilerin egzotikleştirme ve devamında klişeleştirme eğiliminin göz ardı edilmesi sebebiyle, kaynak metnin akıcı dil stratejilerini metni yeniden sömürgeleştirerek bastırdığı görülmektedir. Çevirinin, kültürler arası bir köprü olmak şöyle dursun, ‘algılanan klişeler üzerinde hak iddaa ettiği durumlarda ayırıcı bir hal alma” potansiyeline sahip olduğu Carbonell i Cortés, 1996; 83 fikrinden yola çıkarak - ki bu bağlamda, erek metnin kaynak kültürden aldığı ve erek kültür için şekillendirdiği basmakalıp imgeleri kalıcı hale getirdiği durumlarda metnin yeniden sömürgeleştirilmiş olduğu söylenebilir – bu çalışma, ne metinsel akıcılığa ilişkin stratejilerin, ne de metinsel akıcılığın olmadığı stratejilerin kendi başlarına metni yeniden sömürgeleştirebileceğini veya sömürgecilikten arındırabileceğini tartışmaktadır. Bunun yerine bu çalışma, hem kaynak metinde bulunan benimsenmiş yaratıcı dilin ve dilbilimsel olarak melez sayılan öğelerin daha detaylı ve farklılaştırılmış analizinin, hem de akıcı olmayan bir dil stratejisi uygulandığında erek metinde ortaya çıkacak etkinin incelenmesi gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Böyle bir inceleme olmadan, sömürgecilik sonrası metinlerin çevirilerinin yeniden sömürgeleştirmeye yatkın olup olmadığı, varsayılan yeniden sömürgeleştirmenin arkasında yatan sebepleri ortaya çıkartıp çıkartmadığı ve en önemlisi de bu çevirilerin ticari yayınevleri için çalışan bir çevirmen için ne tür gerçekçi çeviri stratejilerini ele alıp alamayacağı gibi konularda sonuçlara varmak imkansızdır. Dahası bu tür bir analiz süreci, bu varsayılan yeniden sömürgeleştirme eğilimini engelleyecek stratejileri belirlemek amacıyla çevirmenlik eğitiminin çevirmen adaylarını yönlendirebilmesi ve bu şekilde de çeviride yeniden sömürgeleştirme yöntemlerinin altında yatan kuralları değiştirilebilmesi için gereklidir.

References

  • Achebe, C., 1965. ‘The English language and the African writer’, Transition, XVIII: 27-30
  • Achebe, C., 1975. ‘The African writer and the English language’, in C. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day. London: Heinemann
  • Achebe, C., 1994 [1960]. No Longer at Ease. New York: Anchor Books
  • Adejare, O., 1998. ‘Translation: A Distinctive Feature of African Literature in English’, in E.L. Epstein and R. Kole (eds), The Language of African Literature. Trenton/Asmara: Africa World Press
  • Adejunmobi, M., 1998. ‘Translation and Postcolonial Identity. African Writing and European Languages’, The Translator, IV (2): 163-181
  • Ashcroft, B et al., 2002. The Empire Writes Back (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge
  • Bamiro, E., 1991. ‘Nigerian Englishes in Nigerian English literature’, World Englishes, X (1): 7–17
  • Bamiro, E., 2006. ‘Nativization strategies: Nigerianisms at the intersection of ideology and gender in Achebe's fiction’, World Englishes, XXV (3-4): 315–328
  • Bandia, P., 1994. ‘On Translating Pidgins and Creoles in African Literature’, TTR, II (2): 93-114
  • Bandia, P., 1995. ‘Is Ethnocentrism an Obstacle to Finding a Comprehensive Translation Theory?’, META, XL (3): 488-96
  • Bandia, P., 1996. ‘Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in African Creative Writing: Some Insights for Translation Studies’, TTR, IX (1): 139-53
  • Bandia, P., 2000. ‘Towards a history of translation in a (post)-colonial context: an African Perspective’, in A. Chesterman, N. Gallardo San Salvador, and Y. Gambier (eds), Translation in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Bandia, P., 2003. ‘Postcolonialism and translation: the dialectic between theory and practice’, Linguistica Antverpiensia. Special Issue: Translation as Creation: the Postcolonial Influence, II: 129-142
  • Bandia, P., 2008. Translation as Reparation: Writing and Translation in Postcolonial Africa, Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Bandia, P., 2012. ‘African Europhone Literature and Writing as Translation: Some Ethical Issues’, in T. Hermans (ed.), Translating Others (Vol. II). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Barber, K., 1996. ‘African Language Literature and Postcolonial Criticism’, Research in African Literatures, XXVI (4): 3-30
  • Batchelor, K., 2009. Decolonizing Translation: Francophone African Novels in English Translation, Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Beier, U., 1991 [1989]. ‘Amos Tutuola im Gespräch mit Ulli Beier’, in A. Tutuola, Mein Leben im Busch der Geister (tr. by W. Teichmann). Berlin: Alexander Verlag
  • Berman, A., 2004. ‘Translation and the Trial of the Foreign’ (tr. by L. Venuti), in L. Venuti (ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge
  • Bokamba, E. G., 1982. ‘The Africanization of English’, in B. B. Kachru (ed.)
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 1996. ‘The Exotic Space of Cultural Translation’, in R. Álvarez and M. Carmen-África Vidal (eds), Translation, Power, Subversion. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 1998. ‘Orientalism in Translation’, in A. Beylard-Ozeroff, J. Králová, and B. Moser-Mercer (eds), Translators’ Strategies and Creativity. Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on Translation and Interpreting, Prague, September 1995. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2002. ‘There Was, There Was Not: Newness, Exoticism, Translation and Our Need for Other Worlds’. Translations and Translation Theories East and West. Workshop Two: Understanding Translations Across Cultures. UCL, London, June 2002. (date last accessed: 28/12/2005)
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2003. ‘Semiotic alteration in translation. Othering, stereotyping and hybridation in contemporary translations from Arabic into Spanish and Catalan.’, Linguistica Antverpiensa, Special Issue: Translation as Creation: The Postcolonial Influence, II: 145-159
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2006. ‘Can the Other Speak? Metonymic (Re)creations of the Other in Translation’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • d’Almeida, I., 1981. ‘Literary Translation: the Experience of Translating Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God into French’, Babel, XXVII (1): 24-28
  • Dathorne, O.R., 1976. African Literature in the Twentieth Century. London: Heinemann
  • Diop, D., 1956. ‘Contribution to the Debate on National Poetry’, Présence Africaine, IV
  • Dyson, K.K., 1994. ‘Forging a bilingual identity: a writer’s testimony’, in P. Burton, K. K. Dyson and S. Ardener (eds), Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use. Oxford: Berg
  • Fabian, J., 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Subject. New York: Columbia UP
  • Fioupou, C., 2006. ‘Translating Pidgin English, Rotten English and Ubuesque English into French’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Gane, G., 2003. ‘Achebe, Soyinka, and Other-Languagedness’, in A. Overvold, R. Priebe and L. Tremaine (eds), The Creative Circle. Artist, Critic, and Translator in African Literature. Trenton/Asmara: Africa World Press
  • Goke-Pariola, B., 1987. ‘Language transfer and the Nigerian writer of English’, World Englishes, VI (2), 127–136
  • Granqvist, R. J. (ed.), 2006. Writing Back in/and Translation. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
  • Grotjahn-Pape, G., 1997. ‘Nachwort’, to G. Grotjahn-Pape (tr.), Sozaboy. München: dtv
  • Gullin, C., 2006. ‘Translation on Trial: Nadime Gordimer in French’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Gyasi, K. A., 2006. ‘Translation as a Postcolonial Practice: the African Writer as Translator’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Hervey, S. and I. Higgins, 1992. Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation Method: French - English. London: Routledge
  • Jacquemond, R., 1992. ‘Translation and Cultural Hegemony: The Case of French-Arabic Translation’, in L. Venuti (ed.), Rethinking Translation. Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London/New York: Routledge
  • Jakobson, R., 1992. ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’, in R. Schulte and J. Biguenet (eds), Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • Kachru, B. B. (ed.), 1982. The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. Urbana/Chicago/London: University of Illinois Press
  • Klíma, V., 1996. ‘Nigerian Pidgin English: A Translator's View’, in E. Breitinger (ed.), Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression. ASNEL Papers 1. Cross/Cultures 23. Amsterdam: Rodopi
  • Klinger, S., 2015. Translation and Linguistic Hybridity: Constructing World-View. London/New York: Routledge
  • Loimeier, M., 2002. ‘Am Beispiel Chinua Achebe. Zur Geschichte der afrikanischen Literatur in Deutschland’ (date last accessed: 05/12/2006)
  • López Heredia, G., 2003. ‘El traductor visible poscolonial ante la tentación del exotismo’, Linguistica Antverpiensia. Special Issue: Translation as Creation: the Postcolonial Influence, II: 161-173
  • Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 1986. Decolonizing the Mind. The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey
  • Noumssi, G. M. and R. S. Wamba, 2002. ‘Créativité esthétique et enrichissement du français dans la prose romanesque d’Ahmadou Korouma’, Présence Francophone, LIX: 28-51
  • Okara, G., 1963. ‘African Speech… English Words’, Transition, X: 15-16
  • Platt J., H. Weber, and M. L. Ho, 1984. The New Englishes. London/New York: Routledge
  • Prasad, G. V. J., 1999. ‘Writing translation: the strange case of the Indian English novel’, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds), Post-colonial Translation. Theory and practice. London/New York: Routledge
  • Rampton, B., 1998. ‘Language Crossing and the Redefinition of Reality’, in P. Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. London/New York: Routledge
  • Rhys, J., 2000 [1966]. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin
  • Roy, A., 1998. The God of Small Things. London: HarperCollins
  • Rushdie, S., 1982 [1980]. Midnight’s Children. London: Picador
  • Said, E. W., 2003. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin
  • Sales Salvador, D., 2003. “I translate, therefore I am”: la ficción transcultural entendida como literatura traducida en el polisistema poscolonial, Linguistica Antverpiensa, Special Issue: Translation as Creation: The Postcolonial Influence, II: 47-60
  • Sales Salvador, D., 2005. ‘Translational passages: Indian fiction in English as transcreation?’, in A. Branchadell and L. M. West (eds), Less Translated Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Saro-Wiwa, K., 1992. ‘The Language of African Literature: A Writer’s Testimony’, Research in African Literatures, XXIII (2): 156-157
  • Saro-Wiwa, K. 1994 [1985]. Author’s Note, to Saro-Wiwa, Sozaboy. New York: Longman
  • Schäfer, J., 1979. ‘Englischsprachige Literaturen Schwarzafrikas’, in E. Breitinger (ed.), Black Literature: Zur afrikanischen und afroamerikanischen Literatur. München: Wilhelm Fink
  • Schleiermacher, F., 1992. ‘On the Different Methods of Translating’, in A. Lefevere (ed.), Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge
  • Soovik, E., 2006. ‘Translating the Translated: Arundhati Roy and Salman Rushdie in Estonian’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Soyinka, W., 1970 [1965]. The Interpreters. London: Heinemann
  • Sridhar, S.N., 1982. ‘Non-Native English Literatures: Context and Relevance’, in B.B. Kachru (ed.)
  • Steiner, T., 2006. ‘Writing in the Contact Zone: Tsitsi Dangaremba’s Nervous Conditions in German’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Sternberg, M., 1981. ‘Polylingualism as Reality and Translation as Mimesis’, Poetics Today, II (4): 221-239
  • Talib, I. S., 2002. The Language of Postcolonial Literatures. An Introduction. London/New York: Routledge
  • Todd, L., 1984. 'The English Language in West Africa’, in Bailey and Görlach (eds), English as a World Language. Cambridge: CUP
  • Tutuola, A., 1961 [1952]. The Palm-Wine Drinkard. London: Faber and Faber
  • Tymoczko, M., 1999. ‘Post-colonial writing and literary translation’, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds), Post-colonial Translation. Theory and practice. London/New York: Routledge
  • Venuti, L., 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. London/New York: Routledge
  • Venuti, L. (ed.), 1998. The Translator. Special Issue: Translation & Minority. Manchester: St. Jerome
  • Venuti, L. (tr.), 2004. One Hundred Strokes of the Brush before Bed. London: Serpent’s Tail
  • Wainaina, B., 2003. ‘Ships in High Transit’, in N. Elam (ed.), Discovering Home: A selection of writings from the 2002 Caine Prize for African Writing. Bellevue: Jacana
  • Woodham, K., 2006. ‘Linguistic Decolonisation and Recolonisation? Fluent Translation Strategies in the Context of Francophone African Literature’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Zabus, C., 1990a. ‘Under the Palimpsest and Beyond: The “Original” in the West African Europhone Novel.’, in G. V. Davis and H. Maes-Jelinek (eds), Crisis and Creativity in the New Literatures in English. Amsterdam: Rodopi
  • Zabus, C., 1990b. ‘Linguistic Guerilla in the Maghrebian and Sub-Saharan West African Europhone Novel’, Africana Journal, XV: 276-292 [Reprinted in C. Zimra et al. (eds), 1991. Criss-Crossing Boundaries in African Literatures. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press]
  • Zabus, C., 1990c. ‘Othering the Foreign Language in the West African Europhone Novel’, Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, XVII (3-4): 348-66
  • Zabus, C., 1991. The African Palimpsest: Indigenization of Language in the West African Europhone Novel. Amsterdam: Rodopi

De/Recolonization in Translation

Year 2018, Issue: 40, 146 - 160, 01.08.2018

Abstract

Although the creative appropriation of the language of the former British colonizers in Anglophone African writing has received ample attention in postcolonial literary studies, much less has been written about what happens when this creatively appropriated, linguistically hybrid discourse is translated into another hegemonic European language. The ideological implications in particular have remained under-investigated and the few studies within translation studies that have been done in this area tend to equate target-text strategies of fluency with a ‘recolonization’ of the text, as they do not take into account the exoticizing and hence stereotyping potential of non-fluent strategies, both in the source and the target text. Taking the viewpoint that translation has the potential to be ‘a source of separation when it reaffirms received stereotypes’ Carbonell i Cortés, 1996; 83 rather than a bridge across cultures, and, hence, that a recolonization also takes place when the target text perpetuates the stereotypical image the target culture has constructed of the source culture, this article argues that neither strategies of fluency nor strategies of nonfluency per se are de- or recolonizing. Instead, it suggests that a more detailed and differentiated analysis of the creatively appropriated, linguistically hybrid elements in the source text as well as the effect a non-fluent rendering would have in the target text is needed. Without such an analysis it is impossible to reach conclusions about whether translations of postcolonial texts show a tendency towards recolonization, attempt to uncover the motivations behind this presumed recolonization, and ultimately, explore what alternative translation strategies are realistically available to a translator working in a commercial publishing environment. Furthermore, such an analysis is needed in order to be able to investigate how translator training can contribute to encouraging translators to opt for strategies that prevent this presumed recolonization and in so doing work to change the norms behind recolonizing translation strategies.

References

  • Achebe, C., 1965. ‘The English language and the African writer’, Transition, XVIII: 27-30
  • Achebe, C., 1975. ‘The African writer and the English language’, in C. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day. London: Heinemann
  • Achebe, C., 1994 [1960]. No Longer at Ease. New York: Anchor Books
  • Adejare, O., 1998. ‘Translation: A Distinctive Feature of African Literature in English’, in E.L. Epstein and R. Kole (eds), The Language of African Literature. Trenton/Asmara: Africa World Press
  • Adejunmobi, M., 1998. ‘Translation and Postcolonial Identity. African Writing and European Languages’, The Translator, IV (2): 163-181
  • Ashcroft, B et al., 2002. The Empire Writes Back (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge
  • Bamiro, E., 1991. ‘Nigerian Englishes in Nigerian English literature’, World Englishes, X (1): 7–17
  • Bamiro, E., 2006. ‘Nativization strategies: Nigerianisms at the intersection of ideology and gender in Achebe's fiction’, World Englishes, XXV (3-4): 315–328
  • Bandia, P., 1994. ‘On Translating Pidgins and Creoles in African Literature’, TTR, II (2): 93-114
  • Bandia, P., 1995. ‘Is Ethnocentrism an Obstacle to Finding a Comprehensive Translation Theory?’, META, XL (3): 488-96
  • Bandia, P., 1996. ‘Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in African Creative Writing: Some Insights for Translation Studies’, TTR, IX (1): 139-53
  • Bandia, P., 2000. ‘Towards a history of translation in a (post)-colonial context: an African Perspective’, in A. Chesterman, N. Gallardo San Salvador, and Y. Gambier (eds), Translation in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Bandia, P., 2003. ‘Postcolonialism and translation: the dialectic between theory and practice’, Linguistica Antverpiensia. Special Issue: Translation as Creation: the Postcolonial Influence, II: 129-142
  • Bandia, P., 2008. Translation as Reparation: Writing and Translation in Postcolonial Africa, Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Bandia, P., 2012. ‘African Europhone Literature and Writing as Translation: Some Ethical Issues’, in T. Hermans (ed.), Translating Others (Vol. II). London/New York: Routledge.
  • Barber, K., 1996. ‘African Language Literature and Postcolonial Criticism’, Research in African Literatures, XXVI (4): 3-30
  • Batchelor, K., 2009. Decolonizing Translation: Francophone African Novels in English Translation, Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Beier, U., 1991 [1989]. ‘Amos Tutuola im Gespräch mit Ulli Beier’, in A. Tutuola, Mein Leben im Busch der Geister (tr. by W. Teichmann). Berlin: Alexander Verlag
  • Berman, A., 2004. ‘Translation and the Trial of the Foreign’ (tr. by L. Venuti), in L. Venuti (ed.), The Translation Studies Reader (2nd edition). London/New York: Routledge
  • Bokamba, E. G., 1982. ‘The Africanization of English’, in B. B. Kachru (ed.)
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 1996. ‘The Exotic Space of Cultural Translation’, in R. Álvarez and M. Carmen-África Vidal (eds), Translation, Power, Subversion. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 1998. ‘Orientalism in Translation’, in A. Beylard-Ozeroff, J. Králová, and B. Moser-Mercer (eds), Translators’ Strategies and Creativity. Selected Papers from the 9th International Conference on Translation and Interpreting, Prague, September 1995. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2002. ‘There Was, There Was Not: Newness, Exoticism, Translation and Our Need for Other Worlds’. Translations and Translation Theories East and West. Workshop Two: Understanding Translations Across Cultures. UCL, London, June 2002. (date last accessed: 28/12/2005)
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2003. ‘Semiotic alteration in translation. Othering, stereotyping and hybridation in contemporary translations from Arabic into Spanish and Catalan.’, Linguistica Antverpiensa, Special Issue: Translation as Creation: The Postcolonial Influence, II: 145-159
  • Carbonell i Cortés, O., 2006. ‘Can the Other Speak? Metonymic (Re)creations of the Other in Translation’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • d’Almeida, I., 1981. ‘Literary Translation: the Experience of Translating Chinua Achebe’s Arrow of God into French’, Babel, XXVII (1): 24-28
  • Dathorne, O.R., 1976. African Literature in the Twentieth Century. London: Heinemann
  • Diop, D., 1956. ‘Contribution to the Debate on National Poetry’, Présence Africaine, IV
  • Dyson, K.K., 1994. ‘Forging a bilingual identity: a writer’s testimony’, in P. Burton, K. K. Dyson and S. Ardener (eds), Bilingual Women: Anthropological Approaches to Second Language Use. Oxford: Berg
  • Fabian, J., 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Subject. New York: Columbia UP
  • Fioupou, C., 2006. ‘Translating Pidgin English, Rotten English and Ubuesque English into French’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Gane, G., 2003. ‘Achebe, Soyinka, and Other-Languagedness’, in A. Overvold, R. Priebe and L. Tremaine (eds), The Creative Circle. Artist, Critic, and Translator in African Literature. Trenton/Asmara: Africa World Press
  • Goke-Pariola, B., 1987. ‘Language transfer and the Nigerian writer of English’, World Englishes, VI (2), 127–136
  • Granqvist, R. J. (ed.), 2006. Writing Back in/and Translation. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
  • Grotjahn-Pape, G., 1997. ‘Nachwort’, to G. Grotjahn-Pape (tr.), Sozaboy. München: dtv
  • Gullin, C., 2006. ‘Translation on Trial: Nadime Gordimer in French’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Gyasi, K. A., 2006. ‘Translation as a Postcolonial Practice: the African Writer as Translator’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Hervey, S. and I. Higgins, 1992. Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation Method: French - English. London: Routledge
  • Jacquemond, R., 1992. ‘Translation and Cultural Hegemony: The Case of French-Arabic Translation’, in L. Venuti (ed.), Rethinking Translation. Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology. London/New York: Routledge
  • Jakobson, R., 1992. ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’, in R. Schulte and J. Biguenet (eds), Theories of Translation: An Anthology of Essays from Dryden to Derrida. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • Kachru, B. B. (ed.), 1982. The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. Urbana/Chicago/London: University of Illinois Press
  • Klíma, V., 1996. ‘Nigerian Pidgin English: A Translator's View’, in E. Breitinger (ed.), Defining New Idioms and Alternative Forms of Expression. ASNEL Papers 1. Cross/Cultures 23. Amsterdam: Rodopi
  • Klinger, S., 2015. Translation and Linguistic Hybridity: Constructing World-View. London/New York: Routledge
  • Loimeier, M., 2002. ‘Am Beispiel Chinua Achebe. Zur Geschichte der afrikanischen Literatur in Deutschland’ (date last accessed: 05/12/2006)
  • López Heredia, G., 2003. ‘El traductor visible poscolonial ante la tentación del exotismo’, Linguistica Antverpiensia. Special Issue: Translation as Creation: the Postcolonial Influence, II: 161-173
  • Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 1986. Decolonizing the Mind. The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey
  • Noumssi, G. M. and R. S. Wamba, 2002. ‘Créativité esthétique et enrichissement du français dans la prose romanesque d’Ahmadou Korouma’, Présence Francophone, LIX: 28-51
  • Okara, G., 1963. ‘African Speech… English Words’, Transition, X: 15-16
  • Platt J., H. Weber, and M. L. Ho, 1984. The New Englishes. London/New York: Routledge
  • Prasad, G. V. J., 1999. ‘Writing translation: the strange case of the Indian English novel’, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds), Post-colonial Translation. Theory and practice. London/New York: Routledge
  • Rampton, B., 1998. ‘Language Crossing and the Redefinition of Reality’, in P. Auer (ed.), Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, interaction and identity. London/New York: Routledge
  • Rhys, J., 2000 [1966]. Wide Sargasso Sea. London: Penguin
  • Roy, A., 1998. The God of Small Things. London: HarperCollins
  • Rushdie, S., 1982 [1980]. Midnight’s Children. London: Picador
  • Said, E. W., 2003. Orientalism. Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin
  • Sales Salvador, D., 2003. “I translate, therefore I am”: la ficción transcultural entendida como literatura traducida en el polisistema poscolonial, Linguistica Antverpiensa, Special Issue: Translation as Creation: The Postcolonial Influence, II: 47-60
  • Sales Salvador, D., 2005. ‘Translational passages: Indian fiction in English as transcreation?’, in A. Branchadell and L. M. West (eds), Less Translated Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
  • Saro-Wiwa, K., 1992. ‘The Language of African Literature: A Writer’s Testimony’, Research in African Literatures, XXIII (2): 156-157
  • Saro-Wiwa, K. 1994 [1985]. Author’s Note, to Saro-Wiwa, Sozaboy. New York: Longman
  • Schäfer, J., 1979. ‘Englischsprachige Literaturen Schwarzafrikas’, in E. Breitinger (ed.), Black Literature: Zur afrikanischen und afroamerikanischen Literatur. München: Wilhelm Fink
  • Schleiermacher, F., 1992. ‘On the Different Methods of Translating’, in A. Lefevere (ed.), Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge
  • Soovik, E., 2006. ‘Translating the Translated: Arundhati Roy and Salman Rushdie in Estonian’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Soyinka, W., 1970 [1965]. The Interpreters. London: Heinemann
  • Sridhar, S.N., 1982. ‘Non-Native English Literatures: Context and Relevance’, in B.B. Kachru (ed.)
  • Steiner, T., 2006. ‘Writing in the Contact Zone: Tsitsi Dangaremba’s Nervous Conditions in German’, in R. J. Granqvist (ed.)
  • Sternberg, M., 1981. ‘Polylingualism as Reality and Translation as Mimesis’, Poetics Today, II (4): 221-239
  • Talib, I. S., 2002. The Language of Postcolonial Literatures. An Introduction. London/New York: Routledge
  • Todd, L., 1984. 'The English Language in West Africa’, in Bailey and Görlach (eds), English as a World Language. Cambridge: CUP
  • Tutuola, A., 1961 [1952]. The Palm-Wine Drinkard. London: Faber and Faber
  • Tymoczko, M., 1999. ‘Post-colonial writing and literary translation’, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds), Post-colonial Translation. Theory and practice. London/New York: Routledge
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There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Susanne Klinger This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 40

Cite

APA Klinger, S. (2018). Çeviride Yeniden Sömürgeleştirme / Sömürgecilikten Arındırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(40), 146-160.

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