Enerji Kaynaklarının Enerji Yoğunluğu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Enerji İthalatçısı Yükselen Ekonomilerden Kanıtlar
Year 2022,
Issue: 47, 1 - 15, 25.04.2022
Mustafa Naımoglu
,
Bilal Özel
Abstract
Enerji alanında dışa bağımlı ekonomiler için enerjinin daha yüksek verimlilikte veya daha düşük yoğunlukta kullanılması oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Enerji ithalatçısı yükselen ekonomilerde 1990 yılında 1 birim (koe) enerji başına 4.64 birim çıktı (GSYİH) elde edilirken 2018 yılına gelindiğinde bu değerin 5.58 birime ulaştığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla bu ekonomiler enerji kaynaklarını 1990-2018 döneminde daha yüksek verimlilikte veya daha düşük yoğunlukta kullanarak daha fazla çıktı elde etmeyi başarmışlardır. Bu yüzden özellikle enerji alanında dışa bağımlı ekonomilerde söz konusu başarının sürdürülebilirliği için hangi enerji kaynağının enerji verimliliğini artırdığı veya enerji yoğunluğunu düşürdüğü sorusunun cevabı son derece son derece önemlidir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı; 1990-2018 yılları arasında enerji ithalatçısı 16 yükselen ekonomi için enerji yoğunluğunu etkileyen faktörleri panel veri analizi yardımıyla araştırmaktır. Enerji yoğunluğuna ilişkin model, Ortak İlişkili Etkiler Ortalama Grup (CCEMG) ve Genelleştirilmiş Ortalama Grup (AMG) tahmincileriyle tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, hidro ve elektrik kullanımının enerji yoğunluğunu azalttığını; kömür, petrol ve doğalgaz kullanımının ise enerji yoğunluğunu artırdığını göstermiştir.
References
- Altıntaş, H . (2013). Türkiye’de birincil enerji tüketimi, karbondioksit emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi . Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi , 8 (1) , 263-294 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/oguiibf/issue/5715/76507
- Asif M., Muneer T., Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 11, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1388-1413, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.12.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032106000049)
- Balitskiy S., Bilan Y., Strielkowski W., Štreimikienė D. (2016) , Energy efficiency and natural gas consumption in the context of economic development in the European Union, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 55, 2016, Pages 156-168, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.053. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115011326)
- Beaumont, R. (2012), An Introduction To Statistics Correlation, <http://www.floppybunny.org/ Robin/Web/Virtualncrassroom/Stats/Basics/Part9.Pdf >, 07.10.2019),
- Bernstein, Mark A., Katya Fonkych, Sam Loeb, and David S. Loughran, State-Level Changes in Energy Intensity and Their National Implications. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2003. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1616.html. Also available in print form.
- Bildirici M.E., Bakirtas T.(2014), The relationship among oil, natural gas and coal consumption and economic growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) countries, Energy, Volume 65, Pages 134-144, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.006.
- Breusch, T. S. & A. R. Pagan (1980), “The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model-specification in econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Chien T, Hu J.L., (2007). Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies, Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 7, Pages 3606-3615, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.033.
- Eberhardt, M. & F. Teal (2010), “Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production”, University of Economics Department of Economics Discussion, https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea831625-9014-40ec-abc5-516ecfbd2118
- Eberhardt, M. & S. Bond (2009), "Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator”, Munich Personal Repec Archive, < https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17692>
- Fisher-Vanden, Karen & Jefferson, Gary & Liu, Hongmei & Tao, Quan. (2004). What is Driving China's Decline in Energy Intensity?. Resource and Energy Economics. 26. 77-97. 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2003.07.002.
- Garrett-Peltier H., (2017). Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model, Economic Modelling, Volume 61, Pages 439-447, ISSN 0264-9993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.012.
- Groot M., Crijns-Graus W., Harmsen R., (2017). The effects of variable renewable electricity on energy efficiency and full load hours of fossil-fired power plants in the European Union, Volume 138, 2017, Pages 575-589, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.085.
- Hamilton, J. (1983). Oil and the Macroeconomy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy, 91(2), 228-248. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832055
- Hepaktan, C. E. & S. Çınar (2011), “OECD Ülkeleri vergi sistemi esnekliğinin panel eşbütünleşme testleri ile analizi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 133-153.
- Hong L., Zhou N., Fridley D., Raczkowski C., (2013). Assessment of China's renewable energy contribution during the 12th Five Year Plan, Energy Policy, Volume 62, Pages 1533-1543, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.110.
- Internatıonal Energy Agency(IEA), (2020), Data and statistics, <www.iea.org>, 06/02/2020.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2015), World Economic Ooulook, Erişim adresi: <https://www.İmf.Org/External/Pubs/Ft/Weo/2015/02/Pdf/Text.Pdf>, 06/02/2020.
- Míguez J. L., López-González L. M., Porteiro J., Paz C., Granada E. & Morán J. C. (2006) Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Electricity Production in Galicia (Spain), Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 28:11, 995-1012, DOI: 10.1080/00908310600718882
- Murray G Patterson, What is energy efficiency?: Concepts, indicators and methodological issues, Energy Policy, Volume 24, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 377-390, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(96)00017-1. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301421596000171)
- Nadel, S., Shipley, A., & Elliott, R. N. (2004). The technical, economic and achievable potential for energy-efficiency in the US–A meta-analysis of recent studies. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (pp. 8-215).
- Özbek, S. (2020), “Fisher Etkisi: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(4), 240-251.
- Özbek, S. & S. Türkmen, (2020), “Finansallaşma, İşsizliği Artırıyor mu? E7 Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2096-2115.
- Özen, A, Şaşmaz M.Ü, ve Bahtiyar E.. (2015). 'Türkiye'de Yeşil Ekonomi Açısından Yenilenebilir Bir Enerji Kaynağı: Rüzgar Enerjisi', Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2015: 85-93.
- Özşahin, Ş., Mucuk, M., Gerçeker, M. (2016). "Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel ARDL Analizi". Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 / 4 (October 2016): 111-130.
- Pamir, N. Energy Politics and Globalism (Enerji Politikaları ve Küresel Gelişme), Stratejik Analiz, December 2005; 68–74.
- Pao Hsiao-Tien, Fu Hsin-Chia, (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 25, 2013, Pages 381-392, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004.
- Paraschiv S., Bărbuţă-Mişu N., Paraschiv L.S., (2020). Technical and economic analysis of a solar air heating system integration in a residential building wall to increase energy efficiency by solar heat gain and thermal insulation, Energy Reports, Volume 6, Supplement 6, 2020, Pages 459-474, ISSN 2352-4847,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.09.024. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484720313366)
- Pesaran, H. (2004), “General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels”. University of Cambridge. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435, 1 38,<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7>.
- Pesaran, H. & R. Smith & K. S. Im (1996), “Dynamic linear models for heterogenous panels, In The econometrics of panel data”, Springer, 145-195.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H. & A. Ullah & T. Yamagata (2008), “A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐ section independence”, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Pesaran, M. H. & T. Yamagata (2008), “Testing slope homogeneity in large panels”, Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Sahabi, A. M. (2019), “Finansal performans ölçütlerinin firma değeri üzerindeki etkisi: borsa İstanbul’da bir araştırma, (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi), Anadolu Üniversitesi/ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
- Westerlund, J. (2008), “Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
- Zamani, M., Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran, Energy Economics, Volume 29, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1135-1140, ISSN 0140-9883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.04.008. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014098830600051X)
- Zhang X.P., Cheng X.M., Yuan J.H., Gao X. J., (2011). Total-factor energy efficiency in developing countries, Energy Policy, Volume 39, Issue 2, Pages 644-650, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.037.
Year 2022,
Issue: 47, 1 - 15, 25.04.2022
Mustafa Naımoglu
,
Bilal Özel
References
- Altıntaş, H . (2013). Türkiye’de birincil enerji tüketimi, karbondioksit emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi . Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi , 8 (1) , 263-294 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/oguiibf/issue/5715/76507
- Asif M., Muneer T., Energy supply, its demand and security issues for developed and emerging economies, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 11, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1388-1413, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.12.004. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032106000049)
- Balitskiy S., Bilan Y., Strielkowski W., Štreimikienė D. (2016) , Energy efficiency and natural gas consumption in the context of economic development in the European Union, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 55, 2016, Pages 156-168, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.053. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115011326)
- Beaumont, R. (2012), An Introduction To Statistics Correlation, <http://www.floppybunny.org/ Robin/Web/Virtualncrassroom/Stats/Basics/Part9.Pdf >, 07.10.2019),
- Bernstein, Mark A., Katya Fonkych, Sam Loeb, and David S. Loughran, State-Level Changes in Energy Intensity and Their National Implications. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2003. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1616.html. Also available in print form.
- Bildirici M.E., Bakirtas T.(2014), The relationship among oil, natural gas and coal consumption and economic growth in BRICTS (Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey and South Africa) countries, Energy, Volume 65, Pages 134-144, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.006.
- Breusch, T. S. & A. R. Pagan (1980), “The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model-specification in econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
- Chien T, Hu J.L., (2007). Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies, Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 7, Pages 3606-3615, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.033.
- Eberhardt, M. & F. Teal (2010), “Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production”, University of Economics Department of Economics Discussion, https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea831625-9014-40ec-abc5-516ecfbd2118
- Eberhardt, M. & S. Bond (2009), "Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator”, Munich Personal Repec Archive, < https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17692>
- Fisher-Vanden, Karen & Jefferson, Gary & Liu, Hongmei & Tao, Quan. (2004). What is Driving China's Decline in Energy Intensity?. Resource and Energy Economics. 26. 77-97. 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2003.07.002.
- Garrett-Peltier H., (2017). Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model, Economic Modelling, Volume 61, Pages 439-447, ISSN 0264-9993, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.012.
- Groot M., Crijns-Graus W., Harmsen R., (2017). The effects of variable renewable electricity on energy efficiency and full load hours of fossil-fired power plants in the European Union, Volume 138, 2017, Pages 575-589, ISSN 0360-5442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.085.
- Hamilton, J. (1983). Oil and the Macroeconomy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy, 91(2), 228-248. Retrieved February 16, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1832055
- Hepaktan, C. E. & S. Çınar (2011), “OECD Ülkeleri vergi sistemi esnekliğinin panel eşbütünleşme testleri ile analizi”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2), 133-153.
- Hong L., Zhou N., Fridley D., Raczkowski C., (2013). Assessment of China's renewable energy contribution during the 12th Five Year Plan, Energy Policy, Volume 62, Pages 1533-1543, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.110.
- Internatıonal Energy Agency(IEA), (2020), Data and statistics, <www.iea.org>, 06/02/2020.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2015), World Economic Ooulook, Erişim adresi: <https://www.İmf.Org/External/Pubs/Ft/Weo/2015/02/Pdf/Text.Pdf>, 06/02/2020.
- Míguez J. L., López-González L. M., Porteiro J., Paz C., Granada E. & Morán J. C. (2006) Contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to Electricity Production in Galicia (Spain), Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 28:11, 995-1012, DOI: 10.1080/00908310600718882
- Murray G Patterson, What is energy efficiency?: Concepts, indicators and methodological issues, Energy Policy, Volume 24, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 377-390, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(96)00017-1. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301421596000171)
- Nadel, S., Shipley, A., & Elliott, R. N. (2004). The technical, economic and achievable potential for energy-efficiency in the US–A meta-analysis of recent studies. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (pp. 8-215).
- Özbek, S. (2020), “Fisher Etkisi: Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(4), 240-251.
- Özbek, S. & S. Türkmen, (2020), “Finansallaşma, İşsizliği Artırıyor mu? E7 Ülkelerinden Yeni Kanıtlar”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 2096-2115.
- Özen, A, Şaşmaz M.Ü, ve Bahtiyar E.. (2015). 'Türkiye'de Yeşil Ekonomi Açısından Yenilenebilir Bir Enerji Kaynağı: Rüzgar Enerjisi', Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2015: 85-93.
- Özşahin, Ş., Mucuk, M., Gerçeker, M. (2016). "Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel ARDL Analizi". Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 / 4 (October 2016): 111-130.
- Pamir, N. Energy Politics and Globalism (Enerji Politikaları ve Küresel Gelişme), Stratejik Analiz, December 2005; 68–74.
- Pao Hsiao-Tien, Fu Hsin-Chia, (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 25, 2013, Pages 381-392, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004.
- Paraschiv S., Bărbuţă-Mişu N., Paraschiv L.S., (2020). Technical and economic analysis of a solar air heating system integration in a residential building wall to increase energy efficiency by solar heat gain and thermal insulation, Energy Reports, Volume 6, Supplement 6, 2020, Pages 459-474, ISSN 2352-4847,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.09.024. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484720313366)
- Pesaran, H. (2004), “General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels”. University of Cambridge. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435, 1 38,<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01875-7>.
- Pesaran, H. & R. Smith & K. S. Im (1996), “Dynamic linear models for heterogenous panels, In The econometrics of panel data”, Springer, 145-195.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2007), “A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
- Pesaran, M. H. & A. Ullah & T. Yamagata (2008), “A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐ section independence”, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
- Pesaran, M. H. & T. Yamagata (2008), “Testing slope homogeneity in large panels”, Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
- Sahabi, A. M. (2019), “Finansal performans ölçütlerinin firma değeri üzerindeki etkisi: borsa İstanbul’da bir araştırma, (Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi), Anadolu Üniversitesi/ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
- Westerlund, J. (2008), “Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 193-233.
- Zamani, M., Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran, Energy Economics, Volume 29, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1135-1140, ISSN 0140-9883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.04.008. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014098830600051X)
- Zhang X.P., Cheng X.M., Yuan J.H., Gao X. J., (2011). Total-factor energy efficiency in developing countries, Energy Policy, Volume 39, Issue 2, Pages 644-650, ISSN 0301-4215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.037.