An Analysis of Chile’s 2022 and 2023 Constitutional Proposals: Fails of the Aversive and Transformative Constitutionalism Attempts
Öz
In Chile, since 1980, there has been a debate over making amendments or writing a new constitution in academic, political and civil environment; notwithstanding that Chile amongst countries in Latina America has a democratic, stable and resilient constitutional order. The 1980 Constitution has been amended numerous times; nevertheless, society has still demanded a new constitution in that it still seems to be connected to the constitution of the dicta regime. It has criticized that social rights are not designed well in the existing constitution, and there has been a link between constitutional order and economic model of Chile. Therefore, Chilean has expected a protection system for social rights and believed that negative condition in social order could be transformed by a new constitution. As a result of the 2019 protests, the social transformation demands again showed up and became a driven-force of a new constitution-making. Yet people, who showed their strong demand in the referendum which 80 percent of all of voters voted in favour of a new constitution, paradoxically refused the proposals more than once. The Constitution-making process was built on transformation of public and aversion from the existing constitutional order. Howsoever, the 2022 proposal appeared to be radical and caused public nervous, while the 2023 proposal seemed conservative and insufficient regarding the transformation demand. People still wait for a new constitution; they just did not feel obliged to accept what were offered. In public opinion, the aversive and transformative constitutionalism is still viable for a new constitution-making.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Chilean Constitution post-sovereign constitutionalism transformative constitutionalism aversive constitutionalism constitution assembly democratic constitution-making democracy writing a new constitution
Etik Beyan
This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission.
Kaynakça
- Aleman E ve Navia P, “Chile’s Failed Constitution: Democracy Wins” (2023) 34(2) Journal of Democracy
- Brown N, “Tracking the Arab Spring: Egypt’s Failed Transition” (2013) 24 (4) Journal of Democracy
- Castro JM, “Jaime Guzmán, Gremialismo, and the Ideological Origins of the 1980 Constitution” (2022) 33(2) Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe
- Couso J, “Chile’s ‘Procedurally Regulated’ Constitution-Making Process” (2021) 13 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
- Couso J ve Hilbink L,“From Quietism to Incipient Activism: The Institutional and Ideological Roots of Rights Adjudication in Chile”, içinde Helmke G ve Rios-Figueroa J (ed.), Courts in Latin America, (Cambridge University Press 2011)
- Catalan AA, “Chile’s New Constitution: What Right to Health?” (2021)13 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
- Contreras P ve Parmo DL, “A Constituent Process? Chile’s Failed Attempt to Replace Pinochet’s Constitution (2013–2019)” (2021) 13(3) RECHT
- Colon-Rios J, “Multistage Constitution-Making: From South Africa to Chile”, içinde Dixon R ve Roux T (ed.) Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments, (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
- Delucchi AS, “The Chilean Constitutional Convention: An Exercise for the Pluriverse”, (2024) 4(3) Global Studies Quarterly
- Diaz de Valdes JM ve Verdugo S, “The ALBA Constitutional Project and Political Representation”, (2019) 17(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Dixon R ve Landau D, Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: Legal Globalization and the Subversion of Liberal Democracy (Oxford University Press Oxford 2021)
- Dixon R ve Ginsburg T, “Deciding Not to Decide: Deferral in Constitutional Design” (2012) 9 International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Elkins Z ve Hudson A, “The Strange Case of the Package Deal: Amendments and Replacements in Constitutional Reform”, içinde Stacey R ve Albert R (ed.) The Limits and Legitimacy of Referendums, (Oxford University Press, 2022)
- Elkins Z ve Hudson A, “The Constitutional Referendum in Historical Perspective”, içinde Landau D ve Lerner H, Comparative Constitution Making, (Elgar 2019)
- Ersoy K, “Demokratik Anayasa Yapımı Teorisinin Krizi: Şili Deneyimi ve Düşündürdükleri” (2023) 13(1) Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
- Escudero MC, “Institutional Resistance: The case of the Chilean Convention 2021–22”, (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Fishkin J,“Deliberative Democracy and Constitutions.” (2011) 28(1) Social Philosophy and Policy
- Fuentes C, “Shifting the Status Quo: Constitutional Reforms in Chile” (2015) 57(1) Latin American Politics and Society
- Garcia JF, “A Failed but Useful Constitution-Making Process: How Bachelet’s Process Contributed to Constitution-Making in Chile” (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Hailbronner M, “Transformative Constitutionalism: Not Only in the Global South” (2017) 65 American Journal of Comparative Law
- Heiss C ve Suarez J, “Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process” (2024) 57(2) Political Science & Politics
- Heiss C, “Legitimacy Crisis and the Constitutional Problem in Chile: A Legacy of Authoritarianism” (2017) 24(3) Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory
- Heiss C ve Navia P, “You Win Some, You Lose Some: Constitutional Reforms in Chile’s Transition to Democracy.” (2007) 49(3) Latin American Politics and Society
- Ingimundarson V ve Urfalino P ve Erlingsdottir E, Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Politics of Blame, Protest, and Reconstruction, (Routledge,2016)
- King P, “Neo-Bolivarian Constitutional Design” , içinde Galligan DJ ve Versteeg M (ed.) Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
- Klare KE, “Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism” (1998) 14(1) Soth African Journal on Human Rights
- Landau D ve Dixon R, “Utopian Constitutionalism in Chile” (2024) 13(1) Gloal Constitutionalism
- Larrain G ve Negretto ve G, Voigt S, “How Not to Write a Constitution: Lessons From Chile” (2023) 194 Public Choice
- Marshall P ve Zuniga Y, “The Overprotection of Conscientious Objection in Chile’s Abortion Regulation”, (2021) 21(2) Developing World Bioethics
- Maldonado DB , Constitutionalism of the Global South: The Activist Tribunals of India, South Africa, and Colombia (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
- Maira G ve CASAS L ve VIVALDI L, “Abortion in Chile: The Long Road to Legalization and its Slow Implementation ” (2019) 21(2) Abortion Law Reform, Health and Human Right Journal
- Mittal S ve Weingast BR, “Self-Enforcing Constitutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability in America’s First Century” (2013) 29(2) Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization
- Negretto G ve Sanchez-Talanquer M, “Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy : A Global Analysis, 1900–2015” (2021) 115(2) American Political Science Review
- Negretto G, Redrafting Constitutions in Democratic Regimes: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives (Cambridge University Press 2020)
- Negretto G, Making Constitutions: Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America (Cambridge University Press 2013)
- Pasquino P, “Constituent Power and Authorization Anatomy and Failure of a Constitution Making Process”, içinde Ingimundarson V ve Urfalino P ve Erlingsdottir (ed.) Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Politics of Blame, Protest, and Reconstruction, (Routledge, 2016)
- Piscopo J ve Siavelis P, “Chile’s Constitutional Moment.” (2021) 120(823) Current History
- Planza V ve Sotomayor Valarezo P, “Chile’s failed constitutional intent: Polarization, fragmentation, haste and delegitimization”, (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Reyes-Housholder C ve Suarez-Cao J ve Arce-Riffo J, “The Puzzle of Chile’s Resilient Support for Gen- der Parity.”, (2024) 57(2) PS: Political Science & Politics
- Ruiz-Tagle P, Five Republics and One Tradition: A History of Constitutionalism in Chile 1810–2020, (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
- Scheppele KL, “Autocratic Legalism”, (2018) 85(2) University of Chicago Law Review
- Scheppele KL, “Aspirational and Aversive Constitutionalism: The Case for Studying Cross-Constitutional Influence Through Negative Models”, (2003) 1(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Siavelis P, “Crisis of Representation in Chile? The Institutional Connection” (2016) 8(3) Journal of Politics in Latin America
- Tsebelis G, “Veto Players and Constitutional Change: Can Pinochet’s Constitution Be Unlocked?” (2018) 25(1) Política y Gobierno
- Uggla F, “For a Few Senators More? Negotiating Constitutional Changes During Chile’s Transition to Democracy” (2007) 47(2) Latin American Politics and Society
- Verdugo S ve Prieto M, “The Dual Aversion of Chile’s Constitution-making Process” (2021) 19(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Verdugo S ve Eugenio Garcia-Huidobro L, “How Do Constitution-making Processes Fail? The case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)” (2023) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Verdugo S, “The Role of the Chilean Constitutional Court in Times of Change”, içinde Albert R ve Bernal C (ed.) Constitutional Change and Transformation in Latin America, (Hart 2019)
- Villalobos Dintrans P, “Why Health Reforms Fail: Lessons from the 2014 Chilean Attempt to Reform”, (2019) 5(2) Health Systems & Reform
- Von Bogdandy A, “Chilean Insights for Progressive Constitutionalism” (2023) 83(1) Heidelberg Journal of International Law
- Wolff J, “New Constitutions and the Transformation of Democracy in Bolivia and Ecuador”, içinde Nolte D ve Schilling-Vacaflor A (ed.) New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices (Routledge 2012)
- Zulueta-Fülscher “K, How Constitution-making Fails and What Can We Learn from It?” (2023) 2 IDEA Discussion Paper
- Alemparte B, “The Institutional Interest of Political Parties in Chile’s Constitution-Making Process”, Nov. 17, 2020, Blog the International Journel of Constitutional Law. <https://www.iconnectblog.com/the-institutional-interest-of-political-parties-in-chiles-constitution-making-process/> Erişim tarihi 21 Mayıs 2024
- Carballo AE ve Fitz-Henry E, One of the Most Progressive and Environmentally Conscious Legal Texts on the Planet: Chile’s Proposed Constitution and Its Lessons for Australia, 30/08/2022, <https://theconversation.com/one-of-the-most-progressive-and-environmentally-conscious-legal-texts-on-the-planet-chiles-proposed-constitution-and-its-lessons-for-australia-189389> Erişim tarihi: 01 Temmuz 2024
- Kaufmann R. “Third Time’s A Charm?: Chile’s Second Constituent Process”, 2023/12/11 tarihli VerfBlog, <https://verfassungsblog.de/third-times-a-charm/>, Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2024
- Kaufmann R, “Chile or the Impossibility of a Constitution”, 2023/5/09 tarihli VerfBlog, <https://verfassungsblog.de/chile-or-the-impossibility-of-a-constitution/> Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2024
- Miralles DZ, “Chile’s Draft Constitution Looks to the Future: Digital Rights as Fundamental Rights”, ConstitutionNet, 2 July 2022, <https://constitutionnet.org/news/chiles-draft-constitution-looks-future-digital-rights-fundamental-rights> Erişim tarihi: 12 Aralık 2024
- OECD, “Chile: Scan Report on the Citizen Participation in the Constitutional Process”, (2017) OECD Public Governance Reviews
- <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/chile-scan-report-on-the-citizen-participation-in-the-constitutional-process_fa0c9247-en.html> Erişim tarihi: 18/Ağustos/2024
- Correa R, “Overcoming the Pinochet Factor in the Chilean Constitution-Making Process”, International IDEA, 28/2/2023, <https://constitutionnet.org/news/ overcoming-pinochet-factor-chilean-constitution-making-process> Erişim tarihi: 14 Şubat 2025
- Sağlık Kanunu’nda değişiklik yapan 23/09/2017 tarihli 21030 numaralı Kanun <https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1108237> Erişim tarihi: 11 Kasım 2024
- Siavelis P ve Heiss C ve Navia P ve Aucoın L, Chile’s Lessons and Failures in Writing a New Constitution, Sutherland P ve Chakrabati M (hazırlayanlar), Radyo Transkripti, <https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2023/12/11/chiles-lessons-and-failures-in-writing-a-new-constitution> Erişim tarihi: 14 Şubat 2025
- Venedik Komisyonu, Şili’de Yeni Anayasa Yapımı Üzerine Düşünceler ,CDL-AD(2022)004, No:1075/2022.18-19/03/2022, <https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2022)004-e> Erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2024
2022 VE 2023 ŞİLİ ANAYASA TASLAKLARININ TAHLİLİ: KAÇINMACI VE DÖNÜŞÜMCÜ ANAYASACILIK DENEMELERİNDE BAŞARISIZLIK
Öz
Latin Amerika ülkeleri içerisinde yerleşik, kırılgan olmayan ve dengeli bir demokratik anayasal düzeni bulunmasına rağmen Şili’de anayasa değişiklikleri ve yeni bir anayasa yapma konusu, 1980 tarihinden beri önemli bir akademik, siyasi ve toplumsal tartışma olarak sürmeye devam etmektedir. Dikta rejimini sonlandıran 1980 Şili Anayasası, bugüne kadar çok fazla değişikliğe uğramış olsa da hala dikta rejimi ile bağlantılı görüldüğü için, halk tarafından yeni bir anayasa talep edilmektedir. Mevcut anayasa ile ilgili eleştiriler, sosyal hakların yetersiz olması üzerinde birleşmektedir. Anayasal düzen ile iktisadi yapı arasında bağ kurularak sosyal hakların daha fazla güvenceye kavuşturulması temel istektir. Esasen toplum yapısının içinde bulunduğu olumsuz koşullardan anayasal düzen marifeti ile kurtulacağı fikri hakimdir. Ekim 2019 yılında yapılan gösteriler ile birlikte bahse konu toplumsal dönüşüm talepleri tekrar gündeme gelmiş ve yeni bir anayasa yapımının itici gücü olmuştur. Yeni bir anayasa yapılmasına ilişkin yapılan referandumda %80’e yakın bir oy oranı ile yeni anayasa yapımını isteyen halk iki farklı anayasa taslağını da %80’e yakın oy oranı ile reddetmiştir. Yeni anayasa yapımı, toplumu dönüştürmek ve 1980 Anayasası’nın öngördüğü düzenden kaçınmak üzere kurulmuştur. Fakat 2022 taslağı oldukça radikal bulunmuş ve toplumu ürkütmüş iken 2023 taslağı ise toplumun dönüşüm talebine göre muhafazakâr ve yetersiz bulunmuştur. Halk yeni bir anayasayı hala talep etmektedir, sadece önerileri kabul etmek zorunda hissetmemişlerdir. Yeni anayasa yapımı konusunda ise dönüşümcülük ve kaçınmacılık yaklaşımları hala geçerliliğini korumaktadır. Zira Pinochet diktasının temsil ettiği anayasal düzenden kaçınmak ve toplumda gerçekleşmesi beklenen dönüşümün tamamlanması hala bir anayasal hedeftir. Ayrıca toplumsal dönüşümün Bolivaryan usullerle yapılmaması da ikinci bir kaçınma noktasını oluşturmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Şili Anayasası post-egemen anayasacılık dönüşümcü anayasacılık kaçınmacı anayasacılık anayasa meclisi demokratik anayasa yapımı demokrasi anayasa yazımı
Etik Beyan
Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir
Kaynakça
- Aleman E ve Navia P, “Chile’s Failed Constitution: Democracy Wins” (2023) 34(2) Journal of Democracy
- Brown N, “Tracking the Arab Spring: Egypt’s Failed Transition” (2013) 24 (4) Journal of Democracy
- Castro JM, “Jaime Guzmán, Gremialismo, and the Ideological Origins of the 1980 Constitution” (2022) 33(2) Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe
- Couso J, “Chile’s ‘Procedurally Regulated’ Constitution-Making Process” (2021) 13 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
- Couso J ve Hilbink L,“From Quietism to Incipient Activism: The Institutional and Ideological Roots of Rights Adjudication in Chile”, içinde Helmke G ve Rios-Figueroa J (ed.), Courts in Latin America, (Cambridge University Press 2011)
- Catalan AA, “Chile’s New Constitution: What Right to Health?” (2021)13 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
- Contreras P ve Parmo DL, “A Constituent Process? Chile’s Failed Attempt to Replace Pinochet’s Constitution (2013–2019)” (2021) 13(3) RECHT
- Colon-Rios J, “Multistage Constitution-Making: From South Africa to Chile”, içinde Dixon R ve Roux T (ed.) Constitutional Triumphs, Constitutional Disappointments, (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
- Delucchi AS, “The Chilean Constitutional Convention: An Exercise for the Pluriverse”, (2024) 4(3) Global Studies Quarterly
- Diaz de Valdes JM ve Verdugo S, “The ALBA Constitutional Project and Political Representation”, (2019) 17(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Dixon R ve Landau D, Abusive Constitutional Borrowing: Legal Globalization and the Subversion of Liberal Democracy (Oxford University Press Oxford 2021)
- Dixon R ve Ginsburg T, “Deciding Not to Decide: Deferral in Constitutional Design” (2012) 9 International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Elkins Z ve Hudson A, “The Strange Case of the Package Deal: Amendments and Replacements in Constitutional Reform”, içinde Stacey R ve Albert R (ed.) The Limits and Legitimacy of Referendums, (Oxford University Press, 2022)
- Elkins Z ve Hudson A, “The Constitutional Referendum in Historical Perspective”, içinde Landau D ve Lerner H, Comparative Constitution Making, (Elgar 2019)
- Ersoy K, “Demokratik Anayasa Yapımı Teorisinin Krizi: Şili Deneyimi ve Düşündürdükleri” (2023) 13(1) Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi
- Escudero MC, “Institutional Resistance: The case of the Chilean Convention 2021–22”, (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Fishkin J,“Deliberative Democracy and Constitutions.” (2011) 28(1) Social Philosophy and Policy
- Fuentes C, “Shifting the Status Quo: Constitutional Reforms in Chile” (2015) 57(1) Latin American Politics and Society
- Garcia JF, “A Failed but Useful Constitution-Making Process: How Bachelet’s Process Contributed to Constitution-Making in Chile” (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Hailbronner M, “Transformative Constitutionalism: Not Only in the Global South” (2017) 65 American Journal of Comparative Law
- Heiss C ve Suarez J, “Constitution-Making in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Chilean Process” (2024) 57(2) Political Science & Politics
- Heiss C, “Legitimacy Crisis and the Constitutional Problem in Chile: A Legacy of Authoritarianism” (2017) 24(3) Constellations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory
- Heiss C ve Navia P, “You Win Some, You Lose Some: Constitutional Reforms in Chile’s Transition to Democracy.” (2007) 49(3) Latin American Politics and Society
- Ingimundarson V ve Urfalino P ve Erlingsdottir E, Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Politics of Blame, Protest, and Reconstruction, (Routledge,2016)
- King P, “Neo-Bolivarian Constitutional Design” , içinde Galligan DJ ve Versteeg M (ed.) Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
- Klare KE, “Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism” (1998) 14(1) Soth African Journal on Human Rights
- Landau D ve Dixon R, “Utopian Constitutionalism in Chile” (2024) 13(1) Gloal Constitutionalism
- Larrain G ve Negretto ve G, Voigt S, “How Not to Write a Constitution: Lessons From Chile” (2023) 194 Public Choice
- Marshall P ve Zuniga Y, “The Overprotection of Conscientious Objection in Chile’s Abortion Regulation”, (2021) 21(2) Developing World Bioethics
- Maldonado DB , Constitutionalism of the Global South: The Activist Tribunals of India, South Africa, and Colombia (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
- Maira G ve CASAS L ve VIVALDI L, “Abortion in Chile: The Long Road to Legalization and its Slow Implementation ” (2019) 21(2) Abortion Law Reform, Health and Human Right Journal
- Mittal S ve Weingast BR, “Self-Enforcing Constitutions: With an Application to Democratic Stability in America’s First Century” (2013) 29(2) Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization
- Negretto G ve Sanchez-Talanquer M, “Constitutional Origins and Liberal Democracy : A Global Analysis, 1900–2015” (2021) 115(2) American Political Science Review
- Negretto G, Redrafting Constitutions in Democratic Regimes: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives (Cambridge University Press 2020)
- Negretto G, Making Constitutions: Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America (Cambridge University Press 2013)
- Pasquino P, “Constituent Power and Authorization Anatomy and Failure of a Constitution Making Process”, içinde Ingimundarson V ve Urfalino P ve Erlingsdottir (ed.) Iceland’s Financial Crisis: The Politics of Blame, Protest, and Reconstruction, (Routledge, 2016)
- Piscopo J ve Siavelis P, “Chile’s Constitutional Moment.” (2021) 120(823) Current History
- Planza V ve Sotomayor Valarezo P, “Chile’s failed constitutional intent: Polarization, fragmentation, haste and delegitimization”, (2024) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Reyes-Housholder C ve Suarez-Cao J ve Arce-Riffo J, “The Puzzle of Chile’s Resilient Support for Gen- der Parity.”, (2024) 57(2) PS: Political Science & Politics
- Ruiz-Tagle P, Five Republics and One Tradition: A History of Constitutionalism in Chile 1810–2020, (Cambridge University Press, 2021)
- Scheppele KL, “Autocratic Legalism”, (2018) 85(2) University of Chicago Law Review
- Scheppele KL, “Aspirational and Aversive Constitutionalism: The Case for Studying Cross-Constitutional Influence Through Negative Models”, (2003) 1(2) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Siavelis P, “Crisis of Representation in Chile? The Institutional Connection” (2016) 8(3) Journal of Politics in Latin America
- Tsebelis G, “Veto Players and Constitutional Change: Can Pinochet’s Constitution Be Unlocked?” (2018) 25(1) Política y Gobierno
- Uggla F, “For a Few Senators More? Negotiating Constitutional Changes During Chile’s Transition to Democracy” (2007) 47(2) Latin American Politics and Society
- Verdugo S ve Prieto M, “The Dual Aversion of Chile’s Constitution-making Process” (2021) 19(1) International Journal of Constitutional Law
- Verdugo S ve Eugenio Garcia-Huidobro L, “How Do Constitution-making Processes Fail? The case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)” (2023) 13(1) Global Constitutionalism
- Verdugo S, “The Role of the Chilean Constitutional Court in Times of Change”, içinde Albert R ve Bernal C (ed.) Constitutional Change and Transformation in Latin America, (Hart 2019)
- Villalobos Dintrans P, “Why Health Reforms Fail: Lessons from the 2014 Chilean Attempt to Reform”, (2019) 5(2) Health Systems & Reform
- Von Bogdandy A, “Chilean Insights for Progressive Constitutionalism” (2023) 83(1) Heidelberg Journal of International Law
- Wolff J, “New Constitutions and the Transformation of Democracy in Bolivia and Ecuador”, içinde Nolte D ve Schilling-Vacaflor A (ed.) New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices (Routledge 2012)
- Zulueta-Fülscher “K, How Constitution-making Fails and What Can We Learn from It?” (2023) 2 IDEA Discussion Paper
- Alemparte B, “The Institutional Interest of Political Parties in Chile’s Constitution-Making Process”, Nov. 17, 2020, Blog the International Journel of Constitutional Law. <https://www.iconnectblog.com/the-institutional-interest-of-political-parties-in-chiles-constitution-making-process/> Erişim tarihi 21 Mayıs 2024
- Carballo AE ve Fitz-Henry E, One of the Most Progressive and Environmentally Conscious Legal Texts on the Planet: Chile’s Proposed Constitution and Its Lessons for Australia, 30/08/2022, <https://theconversation.com/one-of-the-most-progressive-and-environmentally-conscious-legal-texts-on-the-planet-chiles-proposed-constitution-and-its-lessons-for-australia-189389> Erişim tarihi: 01 Temmuz 2024
- Kaufmann R. “Third Time’s A Charm?: Chile’s Second Constituent Process”, 2023/12/11 tarihli VerfBlog, <https://verfassungsblog.de/third-times-a-charm/>, Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2024
- Kaufmann R, “Chile or the Impossibility of a Constitution”, 2023/5/09 tarihli VerfBlog, <https://verfassungsblog.de/chile-or-the-impossibility-of-a-constitution/> Erişim tarihi: 21 Kasım 2024
- Miralles DZ, “Chile’s Draft Constitution Looks to the Future: Digital Rights as Fundamental Rights”, ConstitutionNet, 2 July 2022, <https://constitutionnet.org/news/chiles-draft-constitution-looks-future-digital-rights-fundamental-rights> Erişim tarihi: 12 Aralık 2024
- OECD, “Chile: Scan Report on the Citizen Participation in the Constitutional Process”, (2017) OECD Public Governance Reviews
- <https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/chile-scan-report-on-the-citizen-participation-in-the-constitutional-process_fa0c9247-en.html> Erişim tarihi: 18/Ağustos/2024
- Correa R, “Overcoming the Pinochet Factor in the Chilean Constitution-Making Process”, International IDEA, 28/2/2023, <https://constitutionnet.org/news/ overcoming-pinochet-factor-chilean-constitution-making-process> Erişim tarihi: 14 Şubat 2025
- Sağlık Kanunu’nda değişiklik yapan 23/09/2017 tarihli 21030 numaralı Kanun <https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1108237> Erişim tarihi: 11 Kasım 2024
- Siavelis P ve Heiss C ve Navia P ve Aucoın L, Chile’s Lessons and Failures in Writing a New Constitution, Sutherland P ve Chakrabati M (hazırlayanlar), Radyo Transkripti, <https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2023/12/11/chiles-lessons-and-failures-in-writing-a-new-constitution> Erişim tarihi: 14 Şubat 2025
- Venedik Komisyonu, Şili’de Yeni Anayasa Yapımı Üzerine Düşünceler ,CDL-AD(2022)004, No:1075/2022.18-19/03/2022, <https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2022)004-e> Erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2024
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Mart 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 22 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Sayı: 63 |