Comparing the Egyptian Constitutions of 2012 and 2014

Yıl 2023, Cilt: YOK Sayı: 56, 83 - 118, 12.10.2023

Sezgin Baş

https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1373946

Öz

This study aimed to compare the Constitution of 2012, which was built in a revolutionary process as a result of the 2011 Arab uprisings in Egypt, and the Constitution of 2014, which was designed as a result of the military coup in July 2013, within the framework of certain constitutional themes on the basis of constitutional change. The constitutions of 2012 and 2014 constitutions were discussed in terms of their making processes, religion and state relations, government systems, and finally fundamental rights and freedoms. In this study, the textual analysis method was preferred. In the 2012 Constitution, the criteria of inclusiveness, participation, and transparency in terms of the construction process are largely achieved. However, in the literature, the criticisms that the process is not inclusive has risen. In the process of the 2014 Constitution, none of these criteria was fulfilled. In terms of its content, the Constitutions of 2012 and 2014 are undoubtedly more successful texts than the 1971 Constitution. When comparing the Constitutions of 2012 and 2014, the Constitution of 2012 is a more constitutionalist text in terms of regulating the relations between the legislative, executive, and judicial organs. In addition, in terms of religion and state relations, more constitutional role and importance was given to religion in the Constitution of 2012. In the Constitution of 2014, some of these religious provisions were abolished and a more secular and liberal approach was adopted in some constitutional issues. The privileges given to the army in the 2012 Constitution were extraordinarily expanded in the Constitution of 2014. This situation created a clear contradiction with the democratic and civil character of the state expressed in the Constitution of 2014. The 2019 Constitutional amendments to the Constitution of 2014 brought regulations that clearly contradicted the idea of constitutionalism. However, in the Constitution of 2014, fundamental rights and freedoms were strengthened compared to previous constitutions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arab Spring, Egypt, Egyptian Constitution of 2012, Egyptian Constitution of 2014, Constituional amendment of 2019, Muhammed Mursi, Abdülfettah El-Sisi

Etik Beyan

This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission

2012 ve 2014 MISIR ANAYASALARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Bu çalışma, Mısır’da 2011 Arap kalkışmaları neticesinde devrimci bir süreç içerisinde inşa edilen 2012 Anayasası ile Temmuz 2013’te gerçekleştirilen askeri darbe sonucunda tasarlanan 2014 Anayasası’nı, anayasal değişim temelinde belirli anayasal temalar çerçevesinde karşılaştırmayı amaçlamıştır. 2012 ve 2014 anayasaları; yapım süreçleri, din ve devlet ilişkileri, hükümet sistemleri ve son olarak temel hak ve hürriyetler açısından tartışılmıştır. Bu araştırmada metinsel analiz metodu tercih edilmiştir. 2012 Anayasasında, yapım süreci açısından kapsayıcılık, katılımcılık ve şeffaflık kriterleri büyük ölçüde sağlanmıştır. Ancak, literatürde sürecin kapsayıcı olmadığı eleştirileri yükselmiştir. 2014 Anayasası sürecinde ise bu kriterlerin hiçbiri yerine getirilmemiştir. İçerik açısından 2012 ve 2014 Anayasaları, hiç şüphesiz 1971 Anayasası’na nazaran daha başarılı metinlerdir. 2012 ve 2014 Anayasalarının kendi arasındaki karşılaştırılmasında ise 2012 Anayasası yasama, yürütme ve yargı organları arasındaki ilişkilerin düzenlenmesi açısından daha anayasacı bir metindir. Ayrıca, din ve devlet ilişkileri bakımından 2012 Anayasası’nda dine daha fazla anayasal rol ve önem verilmiştir. 2014 Anayasası’nda ise bu dini hükümlerden bazıları ortadan kaldırılmış ve bazı anayasal konularda daha seküler ve liberal bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. 2012 Anayasası’nda orduya fazlasıyla verilen ayrıcalıklar, 2014 Anayasası’nda olağandışı derecede genişletilmiştir. Bu durum, 2014 Anayasası’nda belirtilen devletin demokratik ve sivil karakteri ile açık bir çelişki meydana getirmiştir. 2014 Anayasası’nda gerçekleştirilen 2019 Anayasa değişiklikleri anayasacılık düşüncesi ile açıkça çelişen düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, 2014 Anayasası’nda, temel hak ve hürriyetler, önceki anayasalara nazaran güçlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arap Baharı, Mısır, 2012 Mısır Anayasası, 2014 Mısır Anayasası, 2019 Anayasa değişikliği, Muhammed Mursi, Abdülfettah El-Sisi

Etik Beyan

Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir

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