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Evaluation of ECOWAS Interventions Under the Article 53 of the UN Charter

Year 2024, Issue: 59, 1 - 20, 12.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1514101

Abstract

The task of maintaining international peace and security, which is one of the main objectives of the
United Nations (UN), is given primarily to the Security Council in accordance with Article 24 of the
UN Charter. However, articles 52 and 53 of the Charter grant certain powers to regional agreements
and organizations to maintain peace and security in their regions. The complexity of UN peacekeeping
operations and the diversity of situations in which states find themselves make it difficult to conduct
operations. The unsuccessful operations of the UN in Rwanda, Somalia and Yugoslavia caused the
trust in the UN to be shaken, which revealed the lack of capacity of the UN in ensuring international
peace and security and increased the importance of regional organizations.
Although ECOWAS has not previously received the approval of the UN Security Council for any
intervention it carries out in its region, the UN has shown positive reactions to ECOWAS’s activities
with many decisions. The Council envisaged the cooperation of the regional organization and the
UN by strengthening the operations in the regions where ECOWAS intervened with the mission it
established. In this way, the Council subsequently became involved in the operations carried out by
ECOWAS in the relevant regions and continued its mission of maintaining international peace and
security in an observer capacity.
It is not clear whether the interventions carried out by ECOWAS are in accordance with international
law. The UN must clarify the issue of authority in its decisions regarding interventions and, if necessary,
state through interpretation that the relevant article of the UN Charter has changed due to uniformity
in practice. This will clarify the role of the UN in cooperation with regional organizations.

Ethical Statement

This article is not usbject to Ethics Committee permission.

References

  • Abass A, Regional Organisations and the Development of Collective Security: Beyond Chapter VIII of the UN Charter (Hart Pub 2004) <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10273855> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Africa Watch Report: Liberia Waging War to Keep the Peace: The ECOMOG Intervention and Human Rights, June 1993, Vol.5 Issue 6.
  • Ataç KK and Özcan BS, ‘1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma’ (2021) 17 Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 521
  • Brown-John CL, ‘Economic Sanctions: The Case of the O.A.S. and the Dominican Republic, 1960-1962’ (1975) 15 Caribbean Studies 73
  • Buchan R and Tsagourias N, ‘Intervention by Invitation and the Scope of State Consent’ (2023) 10 Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 252
  • Chukwuka Ofodile A, ‘The Legality of ECOWAS Intervention in Liberia’
  • Claude IL, The OAS, the UN, and the United States (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1964)
  • Delbrück J and Heinz UE (eds), Allocation of Law Enforcement Authority in the International System: Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law March 23 to 25, 1994 (1st edn, Duncker & Humblot 1995) <https://elibrary.duncker-humblot.com/doi:10.3790/978-3-428-48335-8> accessed 24 April 2024
  • Felicio T, ‘The United Nations and Regional Organizations: The Need for Clarification and Cooperation’ (2009) 62 Studia Diplomatica 13
  • Franck T, ‘Chapter 2. Rethinking Collective Security’, International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines (Brill Nijhoff 2007) <https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047421252/Bej.9789004154285.i-590_003.xml> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Franck TM, Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks (Cambridge University Press 2002)
  • Gberie L, ‘ECOMOG: The Story of an Heroic Failure’ (2003) 102 African Affairs 147
  • https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1997_hrp_report/sierrale.html
  • https://amaniafrica-et.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Protocol-Relating-to-the-Mechanism-for-Conflict-Prevention-Management-Resolution-Peace-Keeping-and-Security-1999.pdf
  • https://ecowas.int/ecowas-commission-condemns-the-attempted-coup-detat-in-niger/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023).
  • https://ecowas.int/final-communique-fifty-first-extraordinary-summit-of-the-ecowas-authority-of-heads-of-state-and-government-on-the-political-situation-in-niger/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023)
  • https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/17/most-ecowas-members-ready-to-join-standby-force-in-niger-commissioner (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023)
  • https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ecowas.tr.mfa
  • International Court of Justice (ICJ), Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Art. 17, para. 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion of 20 July 1962, ICJ Rep. 1962, 151 (166).
  • Jenkins PA, ‘The Economic Community of West African States and the Regional Use of Force’ (2006) 35 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 333
  • Nolte G, Restoring Peace by Regional Action: International Legal Aspects of the Liberian Conflict (53 / 3 (1993), Verlag W Kohlhammer 1993)
  • ——, Eingreifen auf Einladung Zur völkerrechtlichen Zulässigkeit des Einsatzes fremder Truppen im internen Konflikt auf Einladung der Regierung (Springer Berlin 2013) <http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4390010&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Nowrot K and Schebacker EW, ‘The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone’ (1998) 14 American University of International Law Review 321
  • S/RES/1270.
  • Sampson IT, ‘The Responsibility to Protect and ECOWAS Mechanisms on Peace and Security: Assessing Their Convergence and Divergence on Intervention’ (2011) 16 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 507
  • Simma B, ‘Regional Enforcement of Community Objectives’, United Nations Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2001) <https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004502871/B9789004502871_s012.xml> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Thürer D, Herdegen M and Hohloch G, Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt: the failed state = The breakdown of effective government (CF Müller 1996)
  • UN, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the Statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, ST/DP/1247.
  • UNCS, Resolution 1156 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3861st meeting, on 16 March 1998, S/RES/1556; UNSC, Resolution 1171 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3889th meeting, on 5 June 1998, S/RES/1171.
  • UNCS, Resolution 1216 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3958th meeting, on 21 December 1998, S/RES/1216.
  • UNGA/UNSC, A regional-global security partnership: challenges and opportunities, 28 July 2006, A/61/204-S/2006/590.
  • UNGA/UNSC, An Agenda for Peace, Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council (at the level of Heads of States and Government), 31 January 1992, A/47/277–S/24111.
  • UNGA/UNSC, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, 21 August 2000, A/55/305-S/2000/809.
  • UNGA/UNSC, Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 25 January 1995, A/50/50-S/1991/1.
  • UNSC, Document S/4477 in: Official Records Fifteenth Year (1960), s.134-5. Ayrıca bkz. Brown-John, C.Lloyd: Economic Sanctions: The Case of the OAS and the Dominican Republic, 1960-1962 in: Carribean Studies Vol.15 No.2 (1975).
  • UNSC, Fifty-second Year 3797th Meeting 11 July 1997, S/PV.3797.
  • UNSC, Fifty-third Year 3902nd meeting 13 July 1998, S/PV.3902.
  • UNSC, Letter dated 27 June 1997 from the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1997/499.
  • UNSC, Letter dated 8 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1997/695.
  • UNSC, Note by the President of the Security Council 22 January 1991, S/22133; UNSC, Resolution 788 (1992) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3138th meeting, on 19 November 1992, S/RES/788.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1132 (1997) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3822nd meeting, on 8 October 1997, R/RES/1132.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1162 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3872nd meeting, on 17 April 1998, S/RES/1162.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1181(1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3802nd meeting, on 13 July 1998, S/RES/1181.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1260 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4035th meeting, on 20 August 1999, S/RES/1260; UNSC, Resolution 1231 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3986th meeting, on 11 March 1999, S/RES/1231; UNSC, Resolution 1270 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4054th meeting, on 22 October 1999, S/RES/1270; UNSC, Resolution 1289 (2000) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4099th meeting, on 7 February 2000, S/RES/1289.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1464 (2003) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4700th meeting, on 4 February 2003, S/RES/1464
  • UNSC, Resolution 1479 (2003) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4754th meeting, on 13 May 2003, S/RES/1479 (2003).
  • UNSC, Resolution 1528 (2004) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4918th meeting, on 27 February 2004, S/RES/1528 (2004).
  • UNSC, Resolution 156 (1960) Adopted by the Security Council at its 895th meeting, of 9 September 1960, S/RES/156.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1631 (2005) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5282nd meeting, on 13 October 2005, S/RES/1631.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1975 (2011), Adopted by the Security Council at its 6508th meeting, on 30 March 2011 S/RES/1975
  • UNSC, Resolution 788 (1992); UNSC, Resolution 813 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3187th meeting, on 26 March 1993, S/RES/813; UNSC, Resolution 856 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3281st meeting, on 22 September 1993, S/RES/856.
  • UNSC, Resolution 866 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3281st meeting, on 22 September 1993, S/RES/866.
  • UNTS, Protocol on Non-Aggression 22 April 1978, UNTS Vol. 1690 No.29135,
  • UNTS, Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance on Defence, 29 May 1981, UNTS Vol. 1690 No. 29137.
  • UNTS, Revised Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 23 August 1995, UNTS Vol.2373 No.42835.
  • UNTS, Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 28 May 1975, UNTS Vol.1010 No.14843
  • Villani U, ‘The Security Council’s Authorization of Enforcement Action by Regional Organizations’
  • Walter C, Vereinte Nationen und Regionalorganisationen: eine Untersuchung zu Kapitel VIII der Satzung der Vereinten Nationen = United Nations and regional organizations (Springer 1996) <http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz053816285cov.htm> accessed 24 April 2024
  • Wet ED, ‘The Evolving Role of ECOWAS and the SADC in Peace Operations: A Challenge to the Primacy of the United Nations Security Council in Matters of Peace and Security?’ (2014) 27 Leiden Journal of International Law 353
  • White ND and Ülgen Ö, ‘The Security Council and the Decentralised Military Option: Constitutionality and Function’ (1997) 44 Netherlands International Law Review 378
  • Zounmenou DD and Loua RS, Confronting Complex Political Crises in West Africa: Analysis of ECOWAS Responses to Niger and Cote d’Ivoire (Institute for Security Studies 2011) <http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/Paper230.pdf> accessed 22 April 2024

ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2024, Issue: 59, 1 - 20, 12.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1514101

Abstract

Birleşmiş Milletler’in (BM) esas amaçlarından olan uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin korunması görevi,
BM Şartı’nın 24. maddesi uyarınca öncelikli olarak Güvenlik Konseyi’ne verilmiştir. Ancak, Şart›ın
52. ve 53. maddeleri, bölgesel anlaşma ve örgütlere kendi bölgelerinde barış ve güvenliğin korunması
konusunda birtakım yetkiler tanımaktadır. BM’nin barışı koruma operasyonlarının karmaşıklığı ve
devletlerin içinde bulunduğu durumların farklılığı, operasyonların yürütülmesini zorlaştırmaktadır.
Ruanda, Somali ve Yugoslavya’daki başarısız operasyonlar BM’ye duyulan güvenin sarsılmasına
neden olmuş, bu da uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin sağlanmasında BM’nin kapasite eksikliğini ortaya
çıkarmış ve bölgesel örgütlerin önemini artırmıştır.
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), bölgesinde gerçekleştirdiği hiçbir müdahalede
önceden BM Güvenlik Konseyi’nin onayını almamasına rağmen, BM birçok kararı ile ECOWAS’ın
faaliyetlerine olumlu tepkiler göstermiştir. Konsey, ECOWAS’ın müdahalede bulunduğu bölgelerde
operasyonları daha sonra kendi kurduğu misyon ile güçlendirerek bölgesel örgüt ile BM›nin iş birliğini
öngörmüştür. Bu şekilde Konsey, ECOWAS’ın ilgili bölgelerde yürüttüğü operasyonlara sonradan dâhil
olup uluslararası barışı ve güvenliği koruma misyonunu gözlemci sıfatıyla sürdürmüştür.
ECOWAS’ın gerçekleştirdiği müdahalelerin uluslararası hukuka uygun olup olmadığının cevabı açık
değildir. BM’nin, müdahalelere ilişkin aldığı kararlarda yetki meselesine açıklık getirmesi ve gerekirse
yorum yoluyla BM Şartı’nın ilgili maddesinin uygulamadaki birlik sebebiyle değiştiğini ifade etmesi
gerekmektedir. Bu, BM’nin bölgesel örgütlerle iş birliğinde rolünü netleştirecektir.

Ethical Statement

Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir.

References

  • Abass A, Regional Organisations and the Development of Collective Security: Beyond Chapter VIII of the UN Charter (Hart Pub 2004) <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10273855> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Africa Watch Report: Liberia Waging War to Keep the Peace: The ECOMOG Intervention and Human Rights, June 1993, Vol.5 Issue 6.
  • Ataç KK and Özcan BS, ‘1962 Küba Krizi: Amerikan Arşivleri Üzerinden Bir Okuma’ (2021) 17 Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 521
  • Brown-John CL, ‘Economic Sanctions: The Case of the O.A.S. and the Dominican Republic, 1960-1962’ (1975) 15 Caribbean Studies 73
  • Buchan R and Tsagourias N, ‘Intervention by Invitation and the Scope of State Consent’ (2023) 10 Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 252
  • Chukwuka Ofodile A, ‘The Legality of ECOWAS Intervention in Liberia’
  • Claude IL, The OAS, the UN, and the United States (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1964)
  • Delbrück J and Heinz UE (eds), Allocation of Law Enforcement Authority in the International System: Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Kiel Institute of International Law March 23 to 25, 1994 (1st edn, Duncker & Humblot 1995) <https://elibrary.duncker-humblot.com/doi:10.3790/978-3-428-48335-8> accessed 24 April 2024
  • Felicio T, ‘The United Nations and Regional Organizations: The Need for Clarification and Cooperation’ (2009) 62 Studia Diplomatica 13
  • Franck T, ‘Chapter 2. Rethinking Collective Security’, International Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines (Brill Nijhoff 2007) <https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047421252/Bej.9789004154285.i-590_003.xml> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Franck TM, Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks (Cambridge University Press 2002)
  • Gberie L, ‘ECOMOG: The Story of an Heroic Failure’ (2003) 102 African Affairs 147
  • https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1997_hrp_report/sierrale.html
  • https://amaniafrica-et.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Protocol-Relating-to-the-Mechanism-for-Conflict-Prevention-Management-Resolution-Peace-Keeping-and-Security-1999.pdf
  • https://ecowas.int/ecowas-commission-condemns-the-attempted-coup-detat-in-niger/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023).
  • https://ecowas.int/final-communique-fifty-first-extraordinary-summit-of-the-ecowas-authority-of-heads-of-state-and-government-on-the-political-situation-in-niger/ (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023)
  • https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/17/most-ecowas-members-ready-to-join-standby-force-in-niger-commissioner (Son Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023)
  • https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ecowas.tr.mfa
  • International Court of Justice (ICJ), Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Art. 17, para. 2, of the Charter), Advisory Opinion of 20 July 1962, ICJ Rep. 1962, 151 (166).
  • Jenkins PA, ‘The Economic Community of West African States and the Regional Use of Force’ (2006) 35 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 333
  • Nolte G, Restoring Peace by Regional Action: International Legal Aspects of the Liberian Conflict (53 / 3 (1993), Verlag W Kohlhammer 1993)
  • ——, Eingreifen auf Einladung Zur völkerrechtlichen Zulässigkeit des Einsatzes fremder Truppen im internen Konflikt auf Einladung der Regierung (Springer Berlin 2013) <http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4390010&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Nowrot K and Schebacker EW, ‘The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone’ (1998) 14 American University of International Law Review 321
  • S/RES/1270.
  • Sampson IT, ‘The Responsibility to Protect and ECOWAS Mechanisms on Peace and Security: Assessing Their Convergence and Divergence on Intervention’ (2011) 16 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 507
  • Simma B, ‘Regional Enforcement of Community Objectives’, United Nations Sanctions and International Law (Brill Nijhoff 2001) <https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004502871/B9789004502871_s012.xml> accessed 22 April 2024
  • Thürer D, Herdegen M and Hohloch G, Der Wegfall effektiver Staatsgewalt: the failed state = The breakdown of effective government (CF Müller 1996)
  • UN, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping: Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the Statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, ST/DP/1247.
  • UNCS, Resolution 1156 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3861st meeting, on 16 March 1998, S/RES/1556; UNSC, Resolution 1171 Adopted by the Security Council at its 3889th meeting, on 5 June 1998, S/RES/1171.
  • UNCS, Resolution 1216 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3958th meeting, on 21 December 1998, S/RES/1216.
  • UNGA/UNSC, A regional-global security partnership: challenges and opportunities, 28 July 2006, A/61/204-S/2006/590.
  • UNGA/UNSC, An Agenda for Peace, Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council (at the level of Heads of States and Government), 31 January 1992, A/47/277–S/24111.
  • UNGA/UNSC, Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, 21 August 2000, A/55/305-S/2000/809.
  • UNGA/UNSC, Supplement to an Agenda for Peace: Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations, 25 January 1995, A/50/50-S/1991/1.
  • UNSC, Document S/4477 in: Official Records Fifteenth Year (1960), s.134-5. Ayrıca bkz. Brown-John, C.Lloyd: Economic Sanctions: The Case of the OAS and the Dominican Republic, 1960-1962 in: Carribean Studies Vol.15 No.2 (1975).
  • UNSC, Fifty-second Year 3797th Meeting 11 July 1997, S/PV.3797.
  • UNSC, Fifty-third Year 3902nd meeting 13 July 1998, S/PV.3902.
  • UNSC, Letter dated 27 June 1997 from the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1997/499.
  • UNSC, Letter dated 8 September 1997 from the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/1997/695.
  • UNSC, Note by the President of the Security Council 22 January 1991, S/22133; UNSC, Resolution 788 (1992) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3138th meeting, on 19 November 1992, S/RES/788.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1132 (1997) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3822nd meeting, on 8 October 1997, R/RES/1132.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1162 (1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3872nd meeting, on 17 April 1998, S/RES/1162.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1181(1998) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3802nd meeting, on 13 July 1998, S/RES/1181.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1260 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4035th meeting, on 20 August 1999, S/RES/1260; UNSC, Resolution 1231 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3986th meeting, on 11 March 1999, S/RES/1231; UNSC, Resolution 1270 (1999) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4054th meeting, on 22 October 1999, S/RES/1270; UNSC, Resolution 1289 (2000) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4099th meeting, on 7 February 2000, S/RES/1289.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1464 (2003) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4700th meeting, on 4 February 2003, S/RES/1464
  • UNSC, Resolution 1479 (2003) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4754th meeting, on 13 May 2003, S/RES/1479 (2003).
  • UNSC, Resolution 1528 (2004) Adopted by the Security Council at its 4918th meeting, on 27 February 2004, S/RES/1528 (2004).
  • UNSC, Resolution 156 (1960) Adopted by the Security Council at its 895th meeting, of 9 September 1960, S/RES/156.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1631 (2005) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5282nd meeting, on 13 October 2005, S/RES/1631.
  • UNSC, Resolution 1975 (2011), Adopted by the Security Council at its 6508th meeting, on 30 March 2011 S/RES/1975
  • UNSC, Resolution 788 (1992); UNSC, Resolution 813 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3187th meeting, on 26 March 1993, S/RES/813; UNSC, Resolution 856 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3281st meeting, on 22 September 1993, S/RES/856.
  • UNSC, Resolution 866 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3281st meeting, on 22 September 1993, S/RES/866.
  • UNTS, Protocol on Non-Aggression 22 April 1978, UNTS Vol. 1690 No.29135,
  • UNTS, Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance on Defence, 29 May 1981, UNTS Vol. 1690 No. 29137.
  • UNTS, Revised Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 23 August 1995, UNTS Vol.2373 No.42835.
  • UNTS, Treaty of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 28 May 1975, UNTS Vol.1010 No.14843
  • Villani U, ‘The Security Council’s Authorization of Enforcement Action by Regional Organizations’
  • Walter C, Vereinte Nationen und Regionalorganisationen: eine Untersuchung zu Kapitel VIII der Satzung der Vereinten Nationen = United Nations and regional organizations (Springer 1996) <http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz053816285cov.htm> accessed 24 April 2024
  • Wet ED, ‘The Evolving Role of ECOWAS and the SADC in Peace Operations: A Challenge to the Primacy of the United Nations Security Council in Matters of Peace and Security?’ (2014) 27 Leiden Journal of International Law 353
  • White ND and Ülgen Ö, ‘The Security Council and the Decentralised Military Option: Constitutionality and Function’ (1997) 44 Netherlands International Law Review 378
  • Zounmenou DD and Loua RS, Confronting Complex Political Crises in West Africa: Analysis of ECOWAS Responses to Niger and Cote d’Ivoire (Institute for Security Studies 2011) <http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/Paper230.pdf> accessed 22 April 2024
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Naim Demirel

Publication Date July 12, 2024
Submission Date May 6, 2024
Acceptance Date July 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Demirel, N. (2024). ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi(59), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1514101
AMA Demirel N. ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. TAAD. July 2024;(59):1-20. doi:10.54049/taad.1514101
Chicago Demirel, Naim. “ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, no. 59 (July 2024): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1514101.
EndNote Demirel N (July 1, 2024) ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 1–20.
IEEE N. Demirel, “ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”, TAAD, no. 59, pp. 1–20, July 2024, doi: 10.54049/taad.1514101.
ISNAD Demirel, Naim. “ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 (July 2024), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1514101.
JAMA Demirel N. ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. TAAD. 2024;:1–20.
MLA Demirel, Naim. “ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, no. 59, 2024, pp. 1-20, doi:10.54049/taad.1514101.
Vancouver Demirel N. ECOWAS MÜDAHALELERİNİN BM ŞARTI MADDE 53 KAPSAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. TAAD. 2024(59):1-20.