Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Succession of New States to Membership in International Organizations: A Theoretical Assessment

Year 2024, Issue: 59, 181 - 204, 12.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515029

Abstract

The law of succession, a complex and evolving area of international law, deals with the succession and change of responsibilities of states in international relations. 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, which entered into force on November 6, 1996, sets the basic framework in this area. The concept of succession can be defined as the replacement of one state by another or the transfer of rights and obligations from one state to another. However, the complexity behind this definition arises from the interaction and conflict of different principles and rules of international law. While the succession of states is discussed in the literature within the framework of succession to bilateral and multilateral treaties, property, archives and debts of the predecessor state, the issue of succession to international organizations emerges as one of these areas of conflict. As such, it is controversial how to choose between the rules of succession to treaties, especially multilateral treaties, and the provisions in the constituent documents/constitutions of international organizations.
In this article, the basic principles of the concept of succession will be discussed in the context of membership in international organizations and the basic approaches in this field, the practices of states and international organizations and the work of the International Law Commission will be examined. The article proposes a modus operandi for understanding the complexity of succession law and aims to provide a basis for shedding light on the debate in this area.

Ethical Statement

This article is not subject to Ethics Committee permission.

References

  • ‘Bogota Conference of American States, Charter of the Organization of American States; March 30-May 2, 1948’ <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decad062.asp> accessed 3 April 2024
  • Bühler K, State Succession and Membership in International Organisations (Kluwer Law International 2001)
  • Conteh A, ‘State Succession in International Law’ in Emeka Duruigbo, Remigius Chibueze and Sunday Gozie Ogbodo (eds), International Law and Development in the Global South (Springer International Publishing 2023)
  • Craven M, ‘The Problem of State Succession and the Identity of States under International Law’ (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 142
  • ——, The Decolonization of International Law: State Succession and the Law of Treaties (Oxford University Press 2007)
  • Crawford J, ‘The Criteria for Statehood in International Law’ (1977) 48 British Yearbook of International Law 93
  • ——, The Creation of States in International Law (Oxford University Press 2007)
  • Doehring K, ‘State’ in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed), Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (North-Holland Publishing Company 1987) 423
  • Droesse G, Membership in International Organizations: Paradigms of Membership Structures, Legal Implications of Membership and the Concept of International Organization (TMC Asser Press 2020)
  • Dumberry P and Turp D, ‘State Succession with Respect to Multilateral Treaties in the Context of Secession: From the Principle of Tabula Rasa to the Emergence of a Presumption of Continuity of Treaties’ (2013) 13 Baltic Yearbook of International Law 27
  • ——, ‘An Uncharted Question of State Succession: Are New States Automatically Bound by the BITs Concluded by Predecessor States Before Independence?’ (2015) 6 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 74
  • ——, Guide to State Succession in International Investment Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2018)
  • Fassbender B and others (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Grant TD, ‘Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and Its Discontents’ (1998) 37 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 403
  • Gündüz A, Milletlerarası Hukuk (Reşat Volkan Günel ed, 9th edn, Savaş Yayınları 2018)
  • Herbst L, Staatensukzession und Staatsservituten (Duncker & Humblot 1962)
  • ILC, ‘Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Fourteenth Session’ (24 April - 29 June 1962) UN Doc A/CN.4/148
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its First Session’ (12 April 1949) UN Doc A/CN.4/13 and Corr. 1-3
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Twenty-Fourth Session’ (2 May - 7 July 1972) Supplement No.10 UN Doc A/8710/Rev1 1972 (Commentary on draft Art. 4 on succession of states in respect to treaties)
  • ——, ‘Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1963’ vol II UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1963
  • ——, ‘Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1974’ vol II Part One UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1974/Add.l (Part 1)
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Nineteenth Session’ (8 May–14 July 1967) UN Doc A/CN.4/199
  • Jellinek G, Allgemeine Staatslehre: Recht Des Modernen Staates, vol 1 (Verlag von O Häring 1905)
  • Lorimer J, ‘Proposition d’un Congrés International basé sur le Principe de facto’ (1871) III Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée
  • ——, The Institutes of the Law of Nations: A Treatise of the Jural Relations of Separate Political Communities, vol 1 (W Blackwood and Sons 1883)
  • Menon PK, ‘The Newly Independent States and Succession in Respect of Treaties’ (1990) 18 Korean Journal of Comparative Law 139
  • ——, The Succession of States in Respect to Treaties, State Property, Archives, and Debts (Edwin Mellen Press 1991)
  • Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (adopted 26 December 1933, entered into force 26 December 1934) 165 LNTS 19
  • Murphy SD, ‘Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law’ (2000) 94 The American Journal of International Law 102
  • O’Connell DP, ‘The British Commonwealth and State Succesion after the Second World War’ (1949) 26 British Yearbook of International Law 454
  • Öktem E, ‘Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?’ (2011) 24 Leiden Journal of International Law 561
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri (16th edn, Turhan Kitapevi 2017)
  • ——, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri 3. Kitap (5th edn, Turhan Kitapevi 2015)
  • Pirim CZ, ‘1978 Devletlerin Uluslararası Andlaşmalara Halefiyeti Sözleşmesi Işığında İkili Andlaşmalara Halefiyet: Teorik Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 22 Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 131
  • Pirim CZ, Devletlerin Uluslararası Sorumluluğa Halefiyeti (Turhan Kitapevi 2016)
  • Potter PB, ‘Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 803
  • ——, ‘Origin of the Term International Organization’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 803
  • ——, ‘The Classification of International Organizations-I’ (1935) 29 The American Political Science Review 212
  • Rosenne S, Developments in the Law of Treaties, 1945-1986 (Cambridge University Press 1989)
  • Scharf M, ‘Musical Chairs: The Dissolution of States and Membership in the United Nations’ (1995) 28 Cornell International Law Journal 29
  • Schermers HG and Blokker NM, International Institutional Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011)
  • Stern B, ‘La Succession d’États (Volume 262)’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law (Brill 1996) <https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/the-hague-academy-collected-courses/*A9789041113931_01> accessed 19 March 2024
  • Sur M, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları (BETA 2010)
  • Tams CJ, ‘State Succession to Investment Treaties: Mapping the Issues’ (2016) 31 ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal 314
  • UN, ‘Czechoslovakia and Successor States: Czech Republic, Slovakia’ (United Nations) <https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/czechoslovakia> accessed 3 April 2024
  • ——, Materials on Succession of States in Respect of Matters other than Treaties, (UN Publications 1978) 550
  • ——, Yearbook of the United Nations 1957, (UN Publications 1958) 502
  • UNGA,Official Records, Second Session, First Committee (11 October 1947) UN Doc A/C.1/212 1-2
  • ——, Resolution 1686 (XVI) Future Work in the Field of the Codification and Progressive Development of International Law (18 December 1961)
  • ——, Resolution 174(II) Establishment of an International Law Commission (21 November 1947)
  • UNSC Res 777 (19 September 1992) UN Doc S/RES/777
  • ——, Res 821 (28 April 1993) UN Doc S/RES/821
  • van der Vyver JD, ‘Statehood in International Law’ (1991) 5 Emory International Law Review 9
  • Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (adopted 8 April 1983, opened for signature on 23 August 1978) 17 ILM 1488.
  • Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, (adopted 23 August 1978, entered into force 6 November 1996) 1946 UNTS 3.
  • Williams PR and Harris J, ‘State Succession to Debts and Assets: The Modern Law and Policy’ (2001) 42 Harvard International Law Journal
  • Wright Q, Mandates under the League of Nations (University of Chicago Press 1930)

YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2024, Issue: 59, 181 - 204, 12.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515029

Abstract

Uluslararası hukukun karmaşık ve gelişmekte olan alanlarından biri olan halefiyet hukuku, devletlerin uluslararası ilişkilerdeki sorumluluklarının birbirine geçmesini ve değişmesini konu edinir. 6 Kasım 1996’da yürürlüğe giren 1978 tarihli Antlaşmalarda Halefiyete İlişkin Viyana Sözleşmesi, bu alandaki temel çerçeveyi belirlemektedir. Halefiyet kavramı, bir devletin yerini başka bir devletin alması veya devletin hak ve yükümlülüklerinin bir devletten diğerine geçmesi olarak tanımlanabilir. Ancak, bu tanımın ardında yatan karmaşıklık, uluslararası hukukun farklı ilke ve kurallarının etkileşimi ve çatışmasıyla ortaya çıkmaktadır. Zira literatürde, devletlerin halefiyeti, selef devletin akdettiği ikili ve çok taraflı antlaşmalar, malları, arşivleri ve borçlarına halefiyet çerçevesinde tartışılırken uluslararası örgütlere halefiyet konusu bu çatışma alanlarından birisi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Böyle ki uluslararası örgütlere halefiyet konusunda, antlaşmalara özellikle çok taraflı antlaşmalara halefiyet kuralları ile örgütlerin kurucu belgeleri/anayasalarında yer alan hükümler arasında nasıl bir tercih yapılacağı tartışmalıdır.
Bu makalede, halefiyet kavramının temel prensipleri, uluslararası örgütlere üyelik bağlamında ele alınacak ve bu alandaki temel yaklaşımlar ile devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin uygulamaları ile Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun çalışmaları incelenecektir. Bu makale, halefiyet hukukunun karmaşıklığını anlamak üzere bir modus operandi önermekte ve bu alandaki tartışmalara ışık tutmak için bir temel oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu makale Etik Kurul iznine tabi değildir.

References

  • ‘Bogota Conference of American States, Charter of the Organization of American States; March 30-May 2, 1948’ <https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decad062.asp> accessed 3 April 2024
  • Bühler K, State Succession and Membership in International Organisations (Kluwer Law International 2001)
  • Conteh A, ‘State Succession in International Law’ in Emeka Duruigbo, Remigius Chibueze and Sunday Gozie Ogbodo (eds), International Law and Development in the Global South (Springer International Publishing 2023)
  • Craven M, ‘The Problem of State Succession and the Identity of States under International Law’ (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 142
  • ——, The Decolonization of International Law: State Succession and the Law of Treaties (Oxford University Press 2007)
  • Crawford J, ‘The Criteria for Statehood in International Law’ (1977) 48 British Yearbook of International Law 93
  • ——, The Creation of States in International Law (Oxford University Press 2007)
  • Doehring K, ‘State’ in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed), Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (North-Holland Publishing Company 1987) 423
  • Droesse G, Membership in International Organizations: Paradigms of Membership Structures, Legal Implications of Membership and the Concept of International Organization (TMC Asser Press 2020)
  • Dumberry P and Turp D, ‘State Succession with Respect to Multilateral Treaties in the Context of Secession: From the Principle of Tabula Rasa to the Emergence of a Presumption of Continuity of Treaties’ (2013) 13 Baltic Yearbook of International Law 27
  • ——, ‘An Uncharted Question of State Succession: Are New States Automatically Bound by the BITs Concluded by Predecessor States Before Independence?’ (2015) 6 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 74
  • ——, Guide to State Succession in International Investment Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2018)
  • Fassbender B and others (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law (Oxford University Press 2014)
  • Grant TD, ‘Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and Its Discontents’ (1998) 37 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 403
  • Gündüz A, Milletlerarası Hukuk (Reşat Volkan Günel ed, 9th edn, Savaş Yayınları 2018)
  • Herbst L, Staatensukzession und Staatsservituten (Duncker & Humblot 1962)
  • ILC, ‘Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Fourteenth Session’ (24 April - 29 June 1962) UN Doc A/CN.4/148
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its First Session’ (12 April 1949) UN Doc A/CN.4/13 and Corr. 1-3
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Twenty-Fourth Session’ (2 May - 7 July 1972) Supplement No.10 UN Doc A/8710/Rev1 1972 (Commentary on draft Art. 4 on succession of states in respect to treaties)
  • ——, ‘Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1963’ vol II UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1963
  • ——, ‘Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1974’ vol II Part One UN Doc A/CN.4/SER.A/1974/Add.l (Part 1)
  • ——, ‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Nineteenth Session’ (8 May–14 July 1967) UN Doc A/CN.4/199
  • Jellinek G, Allgemeine Staatslehre: Recht Des Modernen Staates, vol 1 (Verlag von O Häring 1905)
  • Lorimer J, ‘Proposition d’un Congrés International basé sur le Principe de facto’ (1871) III Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée
  • ——, The Institutes of the Law of Nations: A Treatise of the Jural Relations of Separate Political Communities, vol 1 (W Blackwood and Sons 1883)
  • Menon PK, ‘The Newly Independent States and Succession in Respect of Treaties’ (1990) 18 Korean Journal of Comparative Law 139
  • ——, The Succession of States in Respect to Treaties, State Property, Archives, and Debts (Edwin Mellen Press 1991)
  • Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (adopted 26 December 1933, entered into force 26 December 1934) 165 LNTS 19
  • Murphy SD, ‘Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law’ (2000) 94 The American Journal of International Law 102
  • O’Connell DP, ‘The British Commonwealth and State Succesion after the Second World War’ (1949) 26 British Yearbook of International Law 454
  • Öktem E, ‘Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?’ (2011) 24 Leiden Journal of International Law 561
  • Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri (16th edn, Turhan Kitapevi 2017)
  • ——, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri 3. Kitap (5th edn, Turhan Kitapevi 2015)
  • Pirim CZ, ‘1978 Devletlerin Uluslararası Andlaşmalara Halefiyeti Sözleşmesi Işığında İkili Andlaşmalara Halefiyet: Teorik Bir Değerlendirme’ (2016) 22 Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 131
  • Pirim CZ, Devletlerin Uluslararası Sorumluluğa Halefiyeti (Turhan Kitapevi 2016)
  • Potter PB, ‘Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 803
  • ——, ‘Origin of the Term International Organization’ (1945) 39 The American Journal of International Law 803
  • ——, ‘The Classification of International Organizations-I’ (1935) 29 The American Political Science Review 212
  • Rosenne S, Developments in the Law of Treaties, 1945-1986 (Cambridge University Press 1989)
  • Scharf M, ‘Musical Chairs: The Dissolution of States and Membership in the United Nations’ (1995) 28 Cornell International Law Journal 29
  • Schermers HG and Blokker NM, International Institutional Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011)
  • Stern B, ‘La Succession d’États (Volume 262)’, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law (Brill 1996) <https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/the-hague-academy-collected-courses/*A9789041113931_01> accessed 19 March 2024
  • Sur M, Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları (BETA 2010)
  • Tams CJ, ‘State Succession to Investment Treaties: Mapping the Issues’ (2016) 31 ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal 314
  • UN, ‘Czechoslovakia and Successor States: Czech Republic, Slovakia’ (United Nations) <https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/czechoslovakia> accessed 3 April 2024
  • ——, Materials on Succession of States in Respect of Matters other than Treaties, (UN Publications 1978) 550
  • ——, Yearbook of the United Nations 1957, (UN Publications 1958) 502
  • UNGA,Official Records, Second Session, First Committee (11 October 1947) UN Doc A/C.1/212 1-2
  • ——, Resolution 1686 (XVI) Future Work in the Field of the Codification and Progressive Development of International Law (18 December 1961)
  • ——, Resolution 174(II) Establishment of an International Law Commission (21 November 1947)
  • UNSC Res 777 (19 September 1992) UN Doc S/RES/777
  • ——, Res 821 (28 April 1993) UN Doc S/RES/821
  • van der Vyver JD, ‘Statehood in International Law’ (1991) 5 Emory International Law Review 9
  • Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts (adopted 8 April 1983, opened for signature on 23 August 1978) 17 ILM 1488.
  • Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties, (adopted 23 August 1978, entered into force 6 November 1996) 1946 UNTS 3.
  • Williams PR and Harris J, ‘State Succession to Debts and Assets: The Modern Law and Policy’ (2001) 42 Harvard International Law Journal
  • Wright Q, Mandates under the League of Nations (University of Chicago Press 1930)
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuz Kaan Pehlivan 0000-0003-0136-5389

Publication Date July 12, 2024
Submission Date April 3, 2024
Acceptance Date July 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Pehlivan, O. K. (2024). YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi(59), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515029
AMA Pehlivan OK. YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. July 2024;(59):181-204. doi:10.54049/taad.1515029
Chicago Pehlivan, Oğuz Kaan. “YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, no. 59 (July 2024): 181-204. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515029.
EndNote Pehlivan OK (July 1, 2024) YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 181–204.
IEEE O. K. Pehlivan, “YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”, TAAD, no. 59, pp. 181–204, July 2024, doi: 10.54049/taad.1515029.
ISNAD Pehlivan, Oğuz Kaan. “YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 59 (July 2024), 181-204. https://doi.org/10.54049/taad.1515029.
JAMA Pehlivan OK. YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. 2024;:181–204.
MLA Pehlivan, Oğuz Kaan. “YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, no. 59, 2024, pp. 181-04, doi:10.54049/taad.1515029.
Vancouver Pehlivan OK. YENİ DEVLETLERİN ULUSLARARASI ÖRGÜT ÜYELİĞİNE HALEFİYETİ: TEORİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. TAAD. 2024(59):181-204.