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Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
Abstract
Historians of Islam and South Asia have long been fascinated by how Sufi saints interacted with political power in medieval India. While people often view the khanqah as a place to retreat from worldly influence, the reality of Sufi–state relations was much more complex, fluctuating between distance, negotiation, and sometimes cooperation. This article looks at Sufi–state relations through the work of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, who was one of the leading historians of Indian Sufism. Based on extensive readings of Persian chronicles, malfūẓāt (discourses), and hagiographical literature, Nizami’s scholarship is key to understanding how spiritual and political aspects intersected in the subcontinent. The study starts by placing Nizami within the larger context of Sufi historiography. It highlights how his work differs from both colonial-era studies and later sociological interpretations. The article then explores his view on Chishtī aloofness, Suhrawardī engagement, and the practical strategies Sufis used when dealing with state power. It pays attention to Nizami’s argument that Sufi attitudes were not consistent but shaped by historical context. They reflected a balance between maintaining spiritual integrity and responding to political situations. By revisiting Nizami’s contributions, this article clarifies the interactions between Sufis and the state. It also emphasizes his lasting importance for Islamic intellectual history. The findings indicate that Nizami’s complex approach challenges simple views of resistance and collaboration. Instead, he offers a range of relations that enriched Indo-Islamic civilization.
Keywords
References
- Ahmad, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
- Athar Ali, M. The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1966.
- Burton, Richard F. Sindh and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus. London: Wm. H. Allen, 1851.
- Chand, Tara. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture. Allahabad: Indian Press, 1922.
- Digby, Simon. “The Sufi Shaykh and the Sultan: A Comparison of Attitudes towards Political Power in the Delhi Sultanate.” Iran, 9 (1971): 73–90.
- Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
- Elliot, Henry M. and John Dowson. The History of India as Told by Its Own Historians. I-VIII. London: Trübner, 1867–77.
- Ernst, Carl W. Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Sufism
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
November 30, 2025
Submission Date
July 31, 2025
Acceptance Date
October 2, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 4 Number: 2
APA
Ganai, N. A. (2025). Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83
AMA
1.Ganai NA. Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. JISS. 2025;4(2):17-30. doi:10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83
Chicago
Ganai, Nasir Ahmad. 2025. “Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 4 (2): 17-30. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83.
EndNote
Ganai NA (November 1, 2025) Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 4 2 17–30.
IEEE
[1]N. A. Ganai, “Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami”, JISS, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 17–30, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83.
ISNAD
Ganai, Nasir Ahmad. “Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 4/2 (November 1, 2025): 17-30. https://doi.org/10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83.
JAMA
1.Ganai NA. Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. JISS. 2025;4:17–30.
MLA
Ganai, Nasir Ahmad. “Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami”. Tasavvuf Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 2, Nov. 2025, pp. 17-30, doi:10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83.
Vancouver
1.Nasir Ahmad Ganai. Sufi–State Relations in Medieval India: A Study through the Scholarship of Khaliq Ahmad Nizami. JISS. 2025 Nov. 1;4(2):17-30. doi:10.32739/ustad.2025.8.83