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Soldiers, Scholars, and the Public: Archaeology During the First World War in the Ottoman Empire

Year 2021, , 173 - 197, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2021.6

Abstract

This article will discuss the opportunities that the First World War created for scholars and soldiers to conduct archaeological excavations and protect cultural artifacts in Ottoman lands, their motivations for doing so, and the reception of these actions by the public. When the war broke out, excavation sites were initially abandoned, scholars on all sides joined the war efforts, and public interest in antiquities waned as the brutality of the conflict grew. However, the war created many new opportunities for all the belligerents to engage in archaeology. At the same time, the aspects of the protection and appreciation of cultural heritage, including archaeology, became tools of war, wielded on the battleground of public opinion.

References

  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (BOA) [Turkish Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey—Department of Ottoman Archives]: BOA DH.II.28-2.33 (1332 Ca 4 Ah), BOA M.F.MKT 1214.63 (1334 R 29), BOA D.H.EUM.VRK 25.29. (1334 B 06), BOA MF.MKT.1234 63 (1336 Ş 29)
  • Abi, Ceren. “Byzantine Archaeology during the First World War and the Allied Occupation (1914–1923): Destruction, Exploration, and Protection.” In Byzantine Archaeology in Istanbul. Istanbul: Pera Museum, forthcoming.
  • The British Museum. “British Salonika Force Museum.” Accessed 3 September 2021. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG138946?id=BIOG138946&page=1#page-top.
  • Cephanecigil, Gül. “Teaching the “Science of Antiquities” in the Late Ottoman Turkey: Eckhardt Unger and ‘İlm-i Asar-ı Atika Medhali’ [Introduction to the Science of Antiquities].” A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 13, no. 2 (2016): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2016.46320.
  • Chase, George H. “Archaeology in 1915.” The Classical Journal 12, no. 3 (1916): 200–8.
  • Clemen, Paul. Kunstschutz im Kriege; Berichte über den Zustand der Kunstdenkmaler auf den verschiedenen Kriegsschauplatzen und über die deutschen und österreichischen Massnahmen zu ihrer Erhaltung, Rettung, Erforschung. Leipzig: E. A. Seemann, 1919.
  • Clogg, Richard. “Academics at War: The British School at Athens during the First World War.” British School at Athens Studies 17 (2009): 163–77.
  • Deane, Sidney N. “Archaeological News.” American Journal of Archaeology 27, no. 3 (1923): 341–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/497854.
  • Ebersolt, Jean. Mission archeologique de Constantinople. Paris: E. Leroux, 1921.
  • Edhem, Halil. Kayseriye Şehri: Mebani-i İslamiyye ve Kitabeleri. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Orhaniye, 1334 [1915].
  • Edhem, Halil, and Max van Berchem. Materiaux pour un corpus inscriptionum arabicarum, IIIe partie: Asie Mineure. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1917.
  • Effros, Bonnie. Incidental Archaeologists: French Officers and the Rediscovery of Roman North Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501718540.
  • Fodor, Gabor. “Harp İstanbul’unda Macar Arkeolojisi: Konstantinopolis Macar Bilim Enstitüsü (1916–1918).” YILLIK: Annual of Istanbul Studies 2 (2019): 103–17.
  • Hisar, Abdulhak Şinasi. “Müzelerimizin İlk Zamanları.” Türk Yurdu 261 (1956): 281.
  • Krempp, Therese. “Le service archeologique de l’armee d’Orient, une archeologie en guerre.” Bulletin de l’Institut Pierre Renouvin 46, no. 2 (2017): 77–90.
  • Malley, Shawn. From Archaeology to Spectacle in Victorian Britain: The Case of Assyria, 1845–1854. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
  • Mamboury, Ernest, and Theodor Wiegand. Die Kaiserpalaste von Konstantinopel zwischen Hippodrom und Marmara-Meer. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1934.
  • Mendel, Gustave. “Les travaux du service archeologique de l’armee française d’Orient.” Comptes rendus des seances de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 62, no. 1 (1918): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1918.73940.
  • “Muhafaza-i Asar-ı Atika Encümen-i Daimisi: Bir Senelik Mesaisine Dair Rapor, 21 Mayıs 1334,” Numero 1. Darülhilafetül Aliye [Istanbul]: Muhafaza-i Asar-ı Atika Encümen-i Daimisi, 1336 [1917].
  • Munzi, Massimiliano. L’epica del ritorno: Archeologia e politica nella Tripolitania italiana. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2001.
  • Ogan, Aziz. “Bay Halil Ethem.” Yeni Türk Mecmuası 73 (1939): 4–7.
  • Özdemir, Ayşe. “A History of Turkish Archaeology from the 19th Century to the End of the Single Party Period.” Master’s thesis, Boğaziçi University, 2001.
  • Özkan, Suha. “Türk-Alman Dostluk Yurdu Öneri Yarışması, 1916.” O.D.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 1, no. 2 (Fall 1975): 177–210.
  • Picard, Ch., E. A. Gardner, F. N. Pryce, W. Cooksey, A. M. Woodward, S. Casson, F. B. Welch, and Marcus N. Tod. “Macedonia.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 23 (1918): 1–103.
  • Rey, Leon. “Observations sur les sites prehistoriques et protohistoriques de la Macedoine.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique 40, no. 1 (1916): 257–92. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1916.1478.
  • Savino, Melania. “Narrating the “New” History: Museums in the Construction of the Turkish Republic.” In Great Narratives of the Past Traditions and Revisions in National Museums: Conference Proceedings from EuNaMus; Paris 29 June–1 July and 25–26 November 2011; Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, edited by Dominique Poulot, Felicity Bodenstein, and Jose Maria Lanzarote Guiral, 253–64. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2012. http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=078.
  • Schrader, Friedrich. “Die Kunstdenkmaler Konstantinopels.” Der Neue Orient Band 5 (1919): 302–4 and 352–54.
  • Shapland, Andrew, and Evangelina Stefani, eds. Archaeology Behind the Battle Lines: The Macedonian Campaign (1915–19) and Its Legacy. British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies 4. London: Routledge, 2017.
  • Stavrinou, Miranda. “Gustave Fougeres, l’Ecole française d’Athenes et la propagande en Grece durant les annees 1917–1918.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique 120, no. 1 (1996): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1996.4589.
  • Stein, Oliver. “Archaeology and Monument Protection in War: The Collaboration Between the German Army and Researchers in the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918.” In Militarized Cultural Encounters in the Long Nineteenth Century. War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850, edited by Joseph Clarke and John Horne, 297–317. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78229-4_1.
  • Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Divided Spaces, Contested Pasts: The Heritage of the Gallipoli Peninsula. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Tongo, Gizem. “Ottoman Painting and Painters during the First World War.” PhD diss., University of Oxford, 2017.
  • Umar, Ömer Osman. Osmanlı Yönetimi ve Fransız Manda İdaresi Altında Suriye (1908–1938). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2004.
  • Üre, Pınar. “Byzantine Heritage, Archaeology, and Politics Between Russia and the Ottoman Empire: Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople (1894–1914).” PhD diss., The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2014.
  • Valenti, Catherine. “L’Ecole française d’Athenes pendant la Grande guerre: une institution universitaire au service de l’Entente.” Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 204, no. 4 (2001): 5–14.
  • Willert, Sebastian. “Zwischen deutsch-osmanischen Kriegszielen und Museumsinteressen: Das Deutsch-Türkische Denkmalschutz-Kommando im Ersten Weltkrieg.” In Renationalisierung oder Sharing Heritage? Wo steht die Denkmalpflege im Europaischen Kulturerbejahr 2018?, edited by Stephanie Herold, Anneli Randla and Ingid Scheurmann, 42–49. Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises Theorie und Lehre der Denkmalpflege e.V. 28. Holzminder: Jörg Mitzkat, 2019. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/reader/download/496/496-17-87707-1-10-20200207.pdf
  • Williams, John P. “The Flames of Louvain: Total War and the Destruction of European High Culture in Belgium by German Occupying Forces in August 1914.” In The Great War in Belgium and the Netherlands: Beyond Flanders Fields, edited by Felicity Rash and Christophe Declercq, 35–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73108-7_3.
  • Wiegand, Theodor, and Cemal Paşa. Alte Denkmaler aus Syrien, Palastina und Westarabien: 100 Tafeln mit beschreibendem Text. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1918. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wiegand1918.

Askerler, Bilim İnsanları ve Toplum: Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Arkeoloji Faaliyetleri

Year 2021, , 173 - 197, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2021.6

Abstract

Bu makalede, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Osmanlı topraklarında arkeolojik araştırmalar yapma ve kültürel varlıkları koruma konularında araştırmacı ve askerler için doğurduğu fırsatlar, bu çalışmaları gerçekleştirme sebepleri ve toplumun bunları nasıl karşıladığı konuları ele alınmaktadır. Savaşın ilk aylarında kazı alanları terk edilirken tüm taraflardaki bilim insanları seferberliğe katılmış, çatışmalar şiddet kazandıkça halkın kazılara ilgisi azalmıştı. Bununla birlikte savaş, tüm muhariplerin arkeolojiye ilgi duyması için çok sayıda yeni fırsat yaratmıştı. Aynı zamanda, arkeolojik faaliyetler de dahil olmak üzere kültürel mirasın korunması ve değer kazanması, savaşın birer unsurları haline gelip kamuoyu düşüncesinin şekillendirilmesinde yol oynamıştır.

References

  • Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (BOA) [Turkish Presidency State Archives of the Republic of Turkey—Department of Ottoman Archives]: BOA DH.II.28-2.33 (1332 Ca 4 Ah), BOA M.F.MKT 1214.63 (1334 R 29), BOA D.H.EUM.VRK 25.29. (1334 B 06), BOA MF.MKT.1234 63 (1336 Ş 29)
  • Abi, Ceren. “Byzantine Archaeology during the First World War and the Allied Occupation (1914–1923): Destruction, Exploration, and Protection.” In Byzantine Archaeology in Istanbul. Istanbul: Pera Museum, forthcoming.
  • The British Museum. “British Salonika Force Museum.” Accessed 3 September 2021. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG138946?id=BIOG138946&page=1#page-top.
  • Cephanecigil, Gül. “Teaching the “Science of Antiquities” in the Late Ottoman Turkey: Eckhardt Unger and ‘İlm-i Asar-ı Atika Medhali’ [Introduction to the Science of Antiquities].” A|Z ITU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 13, no. 2 (2016): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2016.46320.
  • Chase, George H. “Archaeology in 1915.” The Classical Journal 12, no. 3 (1916): 200–8.
  • Clemen, Paul. Kunstschutz im Kriege; Berichte über den Zustand der Kunstdenkmaler auf den verschiedenen Kriegsschauplatzen und über die deutschen und österreichischen Massnahmen zu ihrer Erhaltung, Rettung, Erforschung. Leipzig: E. A. Seemann, 1919.
  • Clogg, Richard. “Academics at War: The British School at Athens during the First World War.” British School at Athens Studies 17 (2009): 163–77.
  • Deane, Sidney N. “Archaeological News.” American Journal of Archaeology 27, no. 3 (1923): 341–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/497854.
  • Ebersolt, Jean. Mission archeologique de Constantinople. Paris: E. Leroux, 1921.
  • Edhem, Halil. Kayseriye Şehri: Mebani-i İslamiyye ve Kitabeleri. Istanbul: Matbaa-i Orhaniye, 1334 [1915].
  • Edhem, Halil, and Max van Berchem. Materiaux pour un corpus inscriptionum arabicarum, IIIe partie: Asie Mineure. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale, 1917.
  • Effros, Bonnie. Incidental Archaeologists: French Officers and the Rediscovery of Roman North Africa. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501718540.
  • Fodor, Gabor. “Harp İstanbul’unda Macar Arkeolojisi: Konstantinopolis Macar Bilim Enstitüsü (1916–1918).” YILLIK: Annual of Istanbul Studies 2 (2019): 103–17.
  • Hisar, Abdulhak Şinasi. “Müzelerimizin İlk Zamanları.” Türk Yurdu 261 (1956): 281.
  • Krempp, Therese. “Le service archeologique de l’armee d’Orient, une archeologie en guerre.” Bulletin de l’Institut Pierre Renouvin 46, no. 2 (2017): 77–90.
  • Malley, Shawn. From Archaeology to Spectacle in Victorian Britain: The Case of Assyria, 1845–1854. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
  • Mamboury, Ernest, and Theodor Wiegand. Die Kaiserpalaste von Konstantinopel zwischen Hippodrom und Marmara-Meer. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1934.
  • Mendel, Gustave. “Les travaux du service archeologique de l’armee française d’Orient.” Comptes rendus des seances de l’Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 62, no. 1 (1918): 9–17. https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1918.73940.
  • “Muhafaza-i Asar-ı Atika Encümen-i Daimisi: Bir Senelik Mesaisine Dair Rapor, 21 Mayıs 1334,” Numero 1. Darülhilafetül Aliye [Istanbul]: Muhafaza-i Asar-ı Atika Encümen-i Daimisi, 1336 [1917].
  • Munzi, Massimiliano. L’epica del ritorno: Archeologia e politica nella Tripolitania italiana. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2001.
  • Ogan, Aziz. “Bay Halil Ethem.” Yeni Türk Mecmuası 73 (1939): 4–7.
  • Özdemir, Ayşe. “A History of Turkish Archaeology from the 19th Century to the End of the Single Party Period.” Master’s thesis, Boğaziçi University, 2001.
  • Özkan, Suha. “Türk-Alman Dostluk Yurdu Öneri Yarışması, 1916.” O.D.T.Ü. Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 1, no. 2 (Fall 1975): 177–210.
  • Picard, Ch., E. A. Gardner, F. N. Pryce, W. Cooksey, A. M. Woodward, S. Casson, F. B. Welch, and Marcus N. Tod. “Macedonia.” The Annual of the British School at Athens 23 (1918): 1–103.
  • Rey, Leon. “Observations sur les sites prehistoriques et protohistoriques de la Macedoine.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique 40, no. 1 (1916): 257–92. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1916.1478.
  • Savino, Melania. “Narrating the “New” History: Museums in the Construction of the Turkish Republic.” In Great Narratives of the Past Traditions and Revisions in National Museums: Conference Proceedings from EuNaMus; Paris 29 June–1 July and 25–26 November 2011; Identity Politics, the Uses of the Past and the European Citizen, edited by Dominique Poulot, Felicity Bodenstein, and Jose Maria Lanzarote Guiral, 253–64. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2012. http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp_home/index.en.aspx?issue=078.
  • Schrader, Friedrich. “Die Kunstdenkmaler Konstantinopels.” Der Neue Orient Band 5 (1919): 302–4 and 352–54.
  • Shapland, Andrew, and Evangelina Stefani, eds. Archaeology Behind the Battle Lines: The Macedonian Campaign (1915–19) and Its Legacy. British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies 4. London: Routledge, 2017.
  • Stavrinou, Miranda. “Gustave Fougeres, l’Ecole française d’Athenes et la propagande en Grece durant les annees 1917–1918.” Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique 120, no. 1 (1996): 83–99. https://doi.org/10.3406/bch.1996.4589.
  • Stein, Oliver. “Archaeology and Monument Protection in War: The Collaboration Between the German Army and Researchers in the Ottoman Empire, 1914–1918.” In Militarized Cultural Encounters in the Long Nineteenth Century. War, Culture and Society, 1750–1850, edited by Joseph Clarke and John Horne, 297–317. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78229-4_1.
  • Thys-Şenocak, Lucienne. Divided Spaces, Contested Pasts: The Heritage of the Gallipoli Peninsula. London: Routledge, 2018.
  • Tongo, Gizem. “Ottoman Painting and Painters during the First World War.” PhD diss., University of Oxford, 2017.
  • Umar, Ömer Osman. Osmanlı Yönetimi ve Fransız Manda İdaresi Altında Suriye (1908–1938). Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, 2004.
  • Üre, Pınar. “Byzantine Heritage, Archaeology, and Politics Between Russia and the Ottoman Empire: Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople (1894–1914).” PhD diss., The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2014.
  • Valenti, Catherine. “L’Ecole française d’Athenes pendant la Grande guerre: une institution universitaire au service de l’Entente.” Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 204, no. 4 (2001): 5–14.
  • Willert, Sebastian. “Zwischen deutsch-osmanischen Kriegszielen und Museumsinteressen: Das Deutsch-Türkische Denkmalschutz-Kommando im Ersten Weltkrieg.” In Renationalisierung oder Sharing Heritage? Wo steht die Denkmalpflege im Europaischen Kulturerbejahr 2018?, edited by Stephanie Herold, Anneli Randla and Ingid Scheurmann, 42–49. Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises Theorie und Lehre der Denkmalpflege e.V. 28. Holzminder: Jörg Mitzkat, 2019. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/reader/download/496/496-17-87707-1-10-20200207.pdf
  • Williams, John P. “The Flames of Louvain: Total War and the Destruction of European High Culture in Belgium by German Occupying Forces in August 1914.” In The Great War in Belgium and the Netherlands: Beyond Flanders Fields, edited by Felicity Rash and Christophe Declercq, 35–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73108-7_3.
  • Wiegand, Theodor, and Cemal Paşa. Alte Denkmaler aus Syrien, Palastina und Westarabien: 100 Tafeln mit beschreibendem Text. Berlin: Georg Reimer, 1918. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wiegand1918.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ceren Abi This is me 0000-0003-0565-0865

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date September 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

Chicago Abi, Ceren. “Soldiers, Scholars, and the Public: Archaeology During the First World War in the Ottoman Empire”. TARE: Türk Arkeoloji Ve Kültürel Miras Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 1 (December 2021): 173-97. https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2021.6.