Tüketicilerin düşük su ayak izli ürünlere karşı tutumlarını etkileyen faktörler

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, tüketicilerin düşük su ayak izli ürünlere yönelik tutumlarını etkilemesi beklenen bazı faktörleri incelemek ve böylece su ayak izi kavramına tüketici davranışı perspektifinden bir bakış açısı sağlamaktır. Tasarım/Metodoloji /Yaklaşım: Veriler, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak 383 tüketiciden toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın tanımsal istatistikleri için SPSS v24 paket programı, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi için ve araştırma hipotezlerini yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yoluyla test etmek için ise LISREL 11 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Tüketicilerin su ayak izi bilinci, su kaynaklarına yönelik kaygıları ve su sürdürülebilirliğine karşı tutumları, düşük su ayak izli ürünlere karşı tutumlarını olumlu yönde etkilerken, tüketicilerin su ayak izini azaltmaya yönelik alışkanlık eksiklikleri, düşük su ayak izli ürünlere karşı tutumlarını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, bulgulara göre, tüketicilerin su ayak izi bilinci ve su kaynaklarına yönelik kaygıları yüksektir, su sürdürülebilirliğine ve düşük su ayak izli ürünlere karşı tutumları olumludur ve su ayak izini azaltmaya yönelik alışkanlık eksiklikleri yoktur. Özgünlük/Değer: Su ayak izi kavramının tüketici davranışı ve ürün yönetimi literatüründe karbon ayak izi ve ekolojik ayak izi kavramlarına göre yeterince incelenmemiş olması nedeniyle bu araştırmanın özgünlüğü, su ayak izi kavramına ilişkin ampirik araştırmaların kapsamını genişleterek sürdürülebilirlik, tüketici davranışı ve ürün yönetimi literatürüne önemli teorik ve pratik katkılar sağlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır.

Keywords

• tüketici davranışı
• yeşil pazarlama
• sürdürülebilir tüketim
• su sürdürülebilirliği
• su ayak izi

Factors affecting consumers’ attitudes towards low water footprint products

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore some of the factors that are expected to influence consumers' attitudes towards low water footprint products and thereby provide insight into the concept of water footprint from a consumer behavior perspective. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected from 383 consumers using the convenience sampling method. The SPSS v24 package program was used for the descriptive statistics of the research, and the LISREL 11 package program was used for confirmatory factor analysis and to test the research hypotheses via structural equation modeling. Findings: Consumers’ water footprint consciousness, concerns about water resources, and attitudes towards water sustainability positively affect their attitudes towards low water footprint products whereas consumers’ lack of habit to reduce their water footprints negatively affect their attitudes towards low water footprint products. Furthermore, according to the findings, consumers' water footprint consciousness and concerns about water resources are high, their attitudes towards water sustainability and low water footprint products are positive, and they do not have a lack of habit to reduce their water footprint. Originality/Value: Since the concept of water footprint has been insufficiently examined in the consumer behavior and product management literature compared to the concepts of carbon footprint and ecological footprint, the originality of this research stems from the fact that this research makes important theoretical and practical contributions to the sustainability, consumer behavior and product management literatures by expanding the scope of empirical research on the concept of water footprint.

Keywords

• consumer behavior
• green marketing
• sustainable consumption
• water footprint
• water sustainability

References

1. Ajzen, I. (1991), “The theory of planned behavior”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50 No. 2, pp. 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t.
2. Ajzen, I. (2002), “Residual effects of past on later behavior: habituation and reasoned action perspectives”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0602_02.
3. Akıncı, S. and Kıymalıoğlu, A. (2014), “Planlı Davranış Teorisi [Theory of Planned Behavior]”, in M. İ. Yağcı and S. Çabuk (Ed.s.), Pazarlama Teorileri, MediaCat, Istanbul, pp. 385-418.
4. Aktaş, E. (2006), “Çukurova Bölgesi’nde pamuk arz duyarlılığının tahmini üzerine bir çalışma [A Study on the Estimation of Supply Response of Cotton in Region of Çukurova]”, Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, Vol. 12 No. 1 and 2, pp. 3-8.
5. Aldaya, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2010), “The water needed for Italians to eat pasta and pizza”, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 103 No. 6, pp. 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.004
6. Allan, J. A. (1993), “Fortunately there are substitutes for water otherwise our hydro-political futures would be impossible”, in Priorities for Water Resources Allocation and Management, London, ODA, pp. 13-26.
7. Arısal, İ. and Atalar, T. (2016), “The exploring relationships between environmental concern, collectivism and ecological purchase intention”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 235, pp. 514-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.063
8. Bazrafshan, O. and Dehghanpir, S. (2020), “Application of water footprint, virtual water trade and water footprint economic value of citrus fruit productions in Hormozgan Province, Iran”, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Vol. 6 No. 6, 114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00473-w

9. Bozoglu, M., Bilgic, A., Topuz, B. K. and Ardali, Y. (2016), “Factors affecting the students’ environmental awareness, attitudes and behaviors in Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey”, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 1243-1257.
10. Capacci, S., Mazzocchi, M., Shankar, B., Brambila Macias, J., Verbeke, W., Pérez-Cueto, F. J., ... and Traill, W. B. (2012), “Policies to promote healthy eating in Europe: a structured review of policies and their effectiveness”, Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 70 No. 3, pp. 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00442.x
11. Chapagain, A. K., Hoekstra, A. Y., Savenije, H. H., and Gautam, R. (2006), “The water footprint of cotton consumption: an assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 186-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.11.027
12. Chapagain, A. K. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2007), “The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in the Netherlands”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.022
13. Cheng, X., Chen, L., Sun, R. and Jing, Y. (2019), “Identification of regional water resource stress based on water quantity and quality: a case study in a rapid urbanization region of China”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 209, pp. 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.175
14. Clark, W. A. and Finley, J. C. (2007), “Determinants of water conservation intention in Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria”, Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 20 No. 7, pp. 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920701216552
15. Cosgrove, W. J. and Loucks, D. P. (2015), “Water management: current and future challenges and research directions”, Water Resources Research, Vol. 51 No. 6, pp. 4823-4839. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016869
16. Cruz, S. M. and Manata, B. (2020), “Measurement of environmental concern: a review and analysis”, Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 11, 363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00363
17. Dascher, E. D., Kang, J. and Hustvedt, G. (2014), “Water sustainability: environmental attitude, drought attitude and motivation”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 38 No. 5, pp. 467-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12104
18. Ding, B., Zhang, J., Zheng, P., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Jia, G. and Yu, X. (2024), “Water security assessment for effective water resource management based on multi-temporal blue and green water footprints”, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 632, 130761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130761
19. Drichoutis, A. C., Lazaridis, P. and Nayga, R. M. (2005), “Nutrition knowledge and consumer use of nutritional food labels”, European Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 93-118. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbi003
20. Ercin, A. E., Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013), “Sustainability of national consumption from a water resources perspective: the case study for France”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 88, pp. 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.01.015
21. Ercin, A. E. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2014), “Water footprint scenarios for 2050: a global analysis”, Environment International, Vol. 64, pp. 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019
22. Festinger, L. (1957), “A theory of cognitive dissonance”, Row, Peterson, & Co., Evanston, IL.
23. Fitzpatrick, J. J., McCarthy, S. and Byrne, E. P. (2015), “Sustainability insights and reflections from a personal carbon footprint study: the need for quantitative and qualitative change”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 1, pp. 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.05.004
24. Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981), “Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, pp. 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
25. Gerbens-Leenes, W., Hoekstra, A. Y. and van der Meer, T. H. (2009), “The water footprint of bioenergy”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106 No. 25, pp. 10219-10223. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812619106
26. Godfrey, D. M. and Feng, P. (2017), “Communicating sustainability: Student perceptions of a behavior change campaign”, International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-01-2015-0009
27. Gollwitzer, P. M. and Sheeran, P. (2006), “Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta‐analysis of effects and processes”, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.38, pp.69-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
28. Gómez-Llanos, E., Durán-Barroso, P. and Robina-Ramírez, R. (2020), “Analysis of consumer awareness of sustainable water consumption by the water footprint concept”. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 721, 137743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137743
29. Grunert, K. G. (2011), “Sustainability in the food sector: a consumer behaviour perspective”, International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 207-218. https://doi.org/10.18461/ijfsd.v2i3.232
30. Grunert, K. G., Hieke, S. and Wills, J. (2014), “Sustainability labels on food products: consumer motivation, understanding and use”. Food Policy, Vol. 44, pp. 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2013.12.001
31. Gurbuz, I. B., Nesirov, E. and Ozkan, G. (2021), “Investigating environmental awareness of citizens of Azerbaijan: a survey on ecological footprint”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 23, pp. 10378-10396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01061-w
32. Gündüz, Ş. and Alsagher, E. A. A. (2018), “Consciousness levels of Libyan higher education students on ecological footprint and sustainable life”, Quality and Quantity, Vol. 52 No. 1, pp. 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0588-2
33. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E. (2019), Multivariate Data Analysis, 8th ed. Pearson Prentice, England.
34. Harland, P., Staats, H. and Wilke, H. A. (1999), “Explaining proenvironmental intention and behavior by personal norms and the theory of planned behavior”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 29 No. 12, pp. 2505-2528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00123.x
35. Hartmann, P. and Apaolaza-Ibáñez, V. (2012), “Consumer attitude and purchase intention toward green energy brands: the roles of psychological benefits and environmental concern”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 65 No. 9, pp. 1254-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.11.001
36. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2016), “Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/imr-09-2014-0304
37. Hoekstra, A. Y. (2009), “Human appropriation of natural capital: a comparison of ecological footprint and water footprint analysis”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 68 No. 7, pp. 1963-1974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.06.021
38. Hoekstra, A. Y. (2015), “The Water Footprint of Industry”, in Assessing and Measuring Environmental Impact and Sustainability, Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 221–254.
39. Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016), “A critique on the water-scarcity weighted water footprint in LCA”, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 66, pp. 564-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.026
40. Hoekstra, A. Y. (2017), “Water footprint assessment: evolvement of a new research field”, Water Resources Management, Vol. 31 No. 10, pp. 3061-3081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-017-1618-5
41. Hoekstra, A. Y. and Chapagain, A. K. (2007), “The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 64 No. 1, pp. 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.023
42. Hoekstra, A. Y. and Hung, P. Q. (2002), “Virtual water trade: a quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade”, Value of Water Research Report Series No.11, UNESCO-IHE, Delft.
43. Hoekstra, A. Y. and Mekonnen, M. M. (2012), “The water footprint of humanity”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109 No. 9, pp. 3232-3237. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1109936109
44. Huang, L., Wen, Y. and Gao, J. (2020), “What ultimately prevents the pro-environmental behavior? An in-depth and extensive study of the behavioral costs”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 158, 104747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104747
45. Kang, J., Grable, K., Hustvedt, G. and Ahn, M. (2017), “Sustainable water consumption: the perspective of Hispanic consumers”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.005
46. Klöckner, C. A. and Matthies, E. (2004), “How habits interfere with norm-directed behaviour: a normative decision-making model for travel mode choice”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.08.004
47. Knussen, C. and Yule, F. (2008), ““I'm not in the habit of recycling” the role of habitual behavior in the disposal of household waste”, Environment and Behavior, Vol. 40 No. 5, pp. 683-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507307527
48. Konar, M. and Marston, L. (2020), “The water footprint of the United States”, Water, Vol. 12 No. 11, 3286. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113286
49. Kumar, S., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Chakraborty, D. and Kaur, P. (2021), “What drives brand love for natural products? The moderating role of household size”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 58, 102329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102329
50. Kutlu, M. B., Sağır, S., and Aminzai, H. (2022), “Kompozit modeller için ölçüm değişmezliği (MICOM): online marka savunuculuğu ölçeğinin Türkiye ve Afganistan için karşılaştırması [Measurement invariance for composite models (MICOM): comparison of online brand advocacy scale between Türkiye and Afghanistan]” Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 49-66.
51. Lam, S. P. (2006), “Predicting intention to save water: theory of planned behavior, response efficacy, vulnerability, and perceived efficiency of alternative solutions”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 36 No. 11, pp. 2803-2824. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00129.x
52. Li, X., Zhu, L., Dong, Y., Chen, B., Li, Q., Wang, X., ... and Wang, L. (2022), “Water footprint assessment of wool products with a low-water footprint baseline”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 34, pp. 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2022.09.023
53. Linder, N., Giusti, M., Samuelsson, K. and Barthel, S. (2022), “Pro-environmental habits: an underexplored research agenda in sustainability science”, Ambio, Vol. 51, pp. 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01619-6
54. Maaoui, M., Boukchina, R. and Hajjaji, N. (2021), “Environmental life cycle assessment of Mediterranean tomato: case study of a Tunisian soilless geothermal multi-tunnel greenhouse”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 1242-1263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00618-z
55. Machinery Specialized Organized Industrial Zone [Makine İhtisas Organize Sanayi Bölgesi]. (2023), “Su ayak izi nedir? [What is water footprint?]”, Sürdürülebilirlik E-Bülten, Vol. 1 No. 6, pp. 1-6.
56. Maichum, K., Parichatnon, S. and Peng, K. C. (2017), “The influence of environmental concern and environmental attitude on purchase intention towards green products: a case study of young consumers in Thailand”, International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, Vol. 2 No. 3, pp. 1-8.
57. Malhotra, N. and Dash, S. (2016), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, 7th ed. Pearson, India.
58. Malik, C. and Singhal, N. (2017), “Consumer environmental attitude and willingness to purchase environmentally friendly products: an SEM approach”, Vision, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262917700991
59. Manson, L. and Epps, T. (2014), “Water footprint labelling and WTO rules”, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 329-341. https://doi.org/10.1111/reel.12090
60. Mayers, A. (2013), Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, England.
61. Mazar, A., Tomaino, G., Carmon, Z. and Wood, W. (2021), “Habits to save our habitat: using the psychology of habits to promote sustainability”, Behavioral Science & Policy, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/237946152100700207
62. Mekonnen, M. M. and Gerbens-Leenes, W. (2020), “The water footprint of global food production”, Water, Vol. 12 No. 10, 2696. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102696
63. Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2012), “A global assessment of the water footprint of farm animal products”, Ecosystems, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 401-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9517-8
64. Mekonnen, M. M., Gerbens-Leenes, P. W. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2015), “The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: a global assessment”, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EW00026B
65. Mhurchu, C. N., Eyles, H., Jiang, Y. and Blakely, T. (2018), “Do nutrition labels influence healthier food choices? Analysis of label viewing behaviour and subsequent food purchases in a labelling intervention trial”, Appetite, Vol. 121, pp. 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.105
66. Michaelidou, N. and Hassan, L. M. (2008), “The role of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical identity on attitudes and intentions towards organic food”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2007.00619.x
67. Miller, E. and Buys, L. (2008), “The impact of social capital on residential water-affecting behaviors in a drought-prone Australian community”, Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 244-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920701818258
68. Molinillo, S., Vidal-Branco, M. and Japutra, A. (2020), “Understanding the drivers of organic foods purchasing of millennials: evidence from Brazil and Spain”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 52, 101926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101926
69. Mostafa, M. M. (2007), “Gender differences in Egyptian consumers? Green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude”, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2006.00523.x
70. Mumtaz, S., Chu, A. M., Attiq, S., Shah, H. J. and Wong, W. K. (2022), “Habit—does it matter? Bringing habit and emotion into the development of consumer’s food waste reduction behavior with the lens of the theory of interpersonal behavior”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 19 No. 10, 6312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106312
71. Nikolaou, I. E. and Kazantzidis, L. (2016), “A sustainable consumption index/label to reduce information asymmetry among consumers and producers”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 6, pp. 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2016.01.001
72. Novoa, V., Rojas, O., Ahumada-Rudolph, R., Arumí, J. L., Munizaga, J., de la Barrera, F., Cabrera-Pardo, J. R. and Rojas, C. (2023), “Water footprint and virtual water flows from the Global South: foundations for sustainable agriculture in periods of drought”, Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 869, 161526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161526
73. Nydrioti, I. and Grigoropoulou, H. (2023), “Using the water footprint concept for water use efficiency labelling of consumer products: the Greek experience”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 30 No. 8, pp. 19918-19930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23573-w
74. Okur-Berberoğlu, E. and Uygun, S. (2013), “The effect of outdoor education on environmental knowledge, awareness, and attitude: case study within in-service teachers”, Turkish Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 65-81.
75. Oloruntegbe, K., Oluwatelure, T. A. and Agbayewa, O. (2013), “Eco-cultural factors and ecological footprint as variables and measure of environmental consciousness and accounting in Nigeria”, Journal of Education and Practice, Vol. 4 No. 16, pp. 91-94.
76. Owusu-Sekyere, E., Scheepers, M. E. and Jordaan, H. (2016), “Water footprint of milk produced and processed in South Africa: implications for policy-makers and stakeholders along the dairy value chain”, Water, Vol. 8 No. 8, 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8080322
77. Özkan, E., Aydın, B., Hurma, H. and Aktaş, E. (2013), “Su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımında su yönetiminin önemi [The importance of water management in the sustainable use of water resources]”, Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, Vol. 1, pp. 150-153.
78. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. and Podsakoff, N. P. (2003), “Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88 No. 5, pp. 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
79. Ridoutt, B. G., Juliano, P., Sanguansri, P. and Sellahewa, J. (2010), “The water footprint of food waste: case study of fresh mango in Australia”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 18 No. 16-17, pp. 1714-1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.07.011
80. Rodríguez, P. O., Holzman, M. E., Aldaya, M. M. and Rivas, R. E. (2024), “Water footprint in rainfed summer and winter crops: the role of soil moisture”, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 296, 108787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108787
81. Ruini, L., Marino, M., Pignatelli, S., Laio, F. and Ridolfi, L. (2013), “Water footprint of a large-sized food company: the case of Barilla pasta production”, Water Resources and Industry, Vol. 1, pp. 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2013.04.002
82. Russell, S. and Fielding, K. (2010), “Water demand management research: a psychological perspective”, Water Resources Research, Vol. 46 No. 5, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008408
83. Sanchez, M. J. and Lafuente, R. (2010), “Defining and measuring environmental consciousness”, Revista Internacional de Sociologia, Vol. 68 No. 3, pp. 731-755. https://doi.org/10.3989%2Fris.2008.11.03
84. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. and Müller, H. (2003), “Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures”, Methods of Psychological Research Online, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 23-74.
85. Sharma, R., Dhir, A., Talwar, S. and Kaur, P. (2021), “Over-ordering and food waste: the use of food delivery apps during a pandemic”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 96, 102977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102977
86. Souissi, A., Mtimet, N., Thabet, C., Stambouli, T. and Chebil, A. (2019), “Impact of food consumption on water footprint and food security in Tunisia”, Food Security, Vol. 11, pp. 989-1008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00966-3
87. Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A. and Kalof, L. (1999), “A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism”, Human Ecology Review, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 81-97.
88. Sunitha, S., Akash, A. U., Sheela, M. N. and Kumar, J. S. (2024), “The water footprint of root and tuber crops”, Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 3021-3043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-02955-1
89. Symeonidou, S. and Vagiona, D. (2018), “The role of the water footprint in the context of green marketing”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, pp. 26837-26849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1838-0
90. Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Kumar, S., Hossain, M. and Dhir, A. (2021), “What determines a positive attitude towards natural food products? An expectancy theory approach”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 327, 129204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129204
91. TGDF [Federation of Food & Drink Industry Associations of Türkiye]. (2022), “Türk Gıda ve İçecek Sektöründe Su Riskleri ve Sürdürülebilirliği İçin Politika Önerileri (2022)”, available at: https://www.tgdf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/TGDF-su-surdurulebilirligi-raporu.pdf (accessed 3 October 2024).
92. The World Counts. (2024), “Tons of water used for our consumption”, available at: https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/freshwater/global-water-footprint (accessed 5 September 2024).
93. Tzanakakis, V. A., Paranychianakis, N. V. and Angelakis, A. N. (2020), “Water supply and water scarcity”, Water, Vol. 12 No. 9, 2347, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092347
94. UNESCO. (2024), “The United Nations world water development report 2024: water for prosperity and peace”, UNESCO, Paris, available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000388948 (accessed 3 October 2024).
95. United Nations. (2024), “Population”, available at: https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/population (accessed 23 September 2024).
96. United States Census Bureau. (2024), “U.S. and world population clock”, available at: https://www.census.gov/popclock/ (accessed 23 September 2024).
97. Ünal, M. and Ünal, F. (2022), “Ecological footprint reduction behaviors of individuals in Turkey in the context of ecological sustainability”, Sustainability, Vol. 15 No. 1, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010063
98. Vanham, D. and Bidoglio, G. (2013), “A review on the indicator water footprint for the EU28”, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 26, pp. 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.10.021
99. Vanham, D., Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2013), “The water footprint of the EU for different diets”, Ecological Indicators, Vol. 32, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.020
100. Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., van Knippenberg, A. D. and Moonen, A. (1998), “Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01160.x
101. Verplanken, B. (2018), “Promoting sustainability: towards a segmentation model of individual and household behaviour and behaviour change”, Sustainable Development, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1694
102. Vroom, V. H. (1964), Work and motivation. Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
103. World Economic Forum [WEF]. (2017), “Global risks report 2017”, available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GRR17_Report_web.pdf (accessed 1 October 2024).
104. World Economic Forum [WEF]. (2024), “Global risks report 2024”, available at: https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/ (accessed 1 October 2024).
105. World Wide Fund for Nature [WWF]. (2023), “Su kıtlığı kapımızda!”, available at: https://www.wwf.org.tr/?13200/dunyasugunu (accessed 3 October 2024).
106. WWF, Zoological Society of London and Global Footprint Network. (2010), “Living planet report 2010: biodiversity, biocapacity and development”, WWF International, Switzerland.
107. Zager Kocjan, G., Lavtar, D. and Sočan, G. (2023), “The effects of survey mode on self-reported psychological functioning: measurement invariance and latent mean comparison across face-to-face and web modes”, Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 55, pp. 1226–1243. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-022-01867-8
108. Zelezny, L. C., and Schultz, P. W. (2000), “Psychology of promoting environmentalism: promoting environmentalism”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56 No. 3, pp. 365-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00172
109. Zhuo, L., Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016), “Consumptive water footprint and virtual water trade scenarios for China—with a focus on crop production, consumption and trade”, Environment International, Vol. 94, pp. 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.019.