The nexus between education expenditures and agricultural value added in OECD countries: A panel data analysis

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates the causal relationships among public education expenditure (PEE), agricultural value added (AVA), and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) in OECD countries to reveal the role of human capital in sustainable economic growth.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs the Panel ARDL model with the PMG estimator to examine short-run and long-run relationships among variables. The Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) panel causality test is used to identify the direction of causality. Cross-sectional dependence is assessed using LM and adjusted LM tests, while stationarity is examined through the CADF unit root test.

Findings: The results indicate bidirectional causality between PEE and AVA, and unidirectional causality from AVA to GDPPC. Panel ARDL-PMG estimates show that the short-run effects of PEE and GDPPC on AVA are not statistically significant. However, the negative and significant error-correction coefficient suggests that approximately 16.9% of disequilibria are corrected in each period. In the long run, both PEE and GDPPC exert positive and significant effects on AVA. A 1% increase in PEE and GDPPC increases AVA by 0.68% and 0.78%, respectively.

Research Limitations/Implications: The study is limited to 33 OECD countries over the period 2008–2021 and does not consider nonlinear or asymmetric relationships.

Originality/Value: The study provides cross-country evidence on the education-agriculture-growth nexus and enhances methodological robustness by accounting for heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence.

Keywords

• Public education expenditure
• agricultural value added
• agricultural economics
• OECD countries
• panel data analysis

OECD ülkelerinde eğitim harcamaları ve tarımsal katma değer ilişkisi: Bir panel veri analizi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, OECD ülkelerinde kamu eğitim harcamaları (KEH), tarımsal katma değer (TKD) ve kişi başına düşen gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla (KBGSYH) arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerini inceleyerek beşerî sermayenin sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümedeki rolünü ortaya koymaktır.

Tasarım/Metodoloji/Yaklaşım: Çalışmada, değişkenler arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkileri analiz etmek amacıyla Panel ARDL modeli kapsamında PMG tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Nedensellik yönünü belirlemek için Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) panel nedensellik testi uygulanmıştır. Yatay kesit bağımlılığı LM ve düzeltilmiş LM testleriyle, durağanlık ise CADF birim kök testiyle incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Sonuçlar, KEH ile TKD arasında çift yönlü, TKD’den KBGSYH’ye doğru ise tek yönlü nedensellik bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Panel ARDL-PMG bulgularına göre kısa dönemde KEH ve KBGSYH’nin TKD üzerindeki etkileri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. Ancak negatif ve anlamlı hata düzeltme katsayısı, kısa dönem dengesizliklerinin yaklaşık %16,9’unun her dönemde giderildiğini göstermektedir. Uzun dönemde ise KEH ve KBGSYH’nin TKD üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı etkileri bulunmaktadır. KEH’deki %1’lik artış TKD’yi %0,68, KBGSYH’deki %1’lik artış ise %0,78 artırmaktadır.

Araştırma Sınırlamaları/Etkileri: Çalışma, 2008–2021 döneminde 33 OECD ülkesiyle sınırlı olup doğrusal olmayan ve asimetrik ilişkileri kapsamamaktadır.

Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma, eğitim-tarım-büyüme ilişkisine yönelik çok ülkeli kanıt sunmakta ve heterojenlik ile yatay kesit bağımlılığını dikkate alan metodolojik açıdan güçlü bir yaklaşım kullanmaktadır.

Keywords

• Kamu eğitim harcamaları
• tarımsal katma değer
• tarım ekonomisi
• OECD ülkeleri
• panel veri analizi

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