Critical Realist Epistemologies

Year 2017, , 89 - 108, 15.12.2017

Bayram Karcı

https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.358775

Cited By: 2

Abstract

New
developments that have taken place in the field of science in the
20^th
century required our basic assumptions about nature and knowledge to
be reexamined and brought about a new conception of nature based on
indeterminism instead of determinism and uncertainty instead of
certainty. This new conception of nature brought a change and
transformation in the field of epistemology as well, and as the
idealism evolved towards postmodernism, realism produced “critical
realism” which carries its critique within itself.

This
work, after touching upon transformation of realist epistemologies
from new realism to critical realism, discusses the nature of
critical realist epistemology, the stages of development, dynamics
influenced its development, important thinkers contributed and
critical realist epistemological schools. Philosophical schools which
developed a critical realist epistemology have been analyzed in four
categories, American Critical Realists, Neo-Thomist Critical
Realists, Marxist Critical Realists and Theological Critical
Realists. 

Keywords

Epistemology, Perception, Realism, Critical Realism, Scientific Realism

ELEŞTİREL GERÇEKÇİ BİLGİ TEORİLERİ

Abstract

XX.
Yüzyılda bilim alanında yaşanan gelişmeler doğa ve bilgi
hakkındaki temel varsayımlarımızın yeniden gözden geçirilmesini
zorunlu kılmış ve neticede determinizm yerine indeterminizmi,
kesinlik yerine de belirsizliği temel alan yeni bir dünya tasavvuru
ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu yeni dünya tasavvuru epistemoloji
konusunda da bir değişim ve dönüşümü ortaya çıkarmış,
idealizm postmodernizm yönünde evrilirken, realizm, içerisinde
kendi eleştirisini de taşıyan eleştirel gerçekçi bilgi
teorilerini netice vermiştir.

Bu
çalışmada gerçekçi bilgi teorilerinin yeni gerçekçilikten
eleştirel gerçekçiliğe geçirdiği dönüşüme değinilerek
eleştirel gerçekçi bilgi teorisinin doğası, gelişim aşamaları,
gelişimine etki eden faktörler, katkı sağlayan önemli düşünürler
ve eleştirel gerçekçi bilgi teorisi ekolleri incelenmiştir.
Eleştirel gerçekçi bir bilgi teorisi geliştiren felsefe ekolleri
Amerikan Eleştirel Gerçekçileri, Neo-Thomist Eleştirel
Gerçekçiler, Marksist Eleştirel Gerçekçiler ve Teolojik
Eleştirel Gerçekçiler
olmak
üzere dört farklı grupta incelenmiştir. 

Keywords

Epistemoloji, Algı, Gerçekçilik, Eleştirel Gerçekçilik, Bilimsel Gerçekçilik

References

• Archer, Margaret v. dğr., Critical realism: Essential readings. London: Routledge, 1998. Barbour, Ian G., Issues in Science and Religion, New York: Harper Torchbook, 1966.
• Aspell, Patric J., Medieval Western Philosophy: The European Emergence, Washington D.C.: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 1999.
• Barbour, Ian G., Myths, Models and Paradigms A Comparative Study in Science and Religion, New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1974.
• Bhaskar, Roy, A Realist Theory of Science, New York: Verso, 2008.
• Bhaskar, Roy, Reflections on Meta-Reality a Philosophy for he Present, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002.
• Bhaskar, Roy, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of Contemporary Human Sciences, New York: Routledge, 1998.
• Drake, Durant v. dğr., Essays in Critical Realism a Co-operative Study of the Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan and Co., 1920.
• Gregersen, Niels Henrik, Critical Realism and Other Realisms. Fifty Years in Science and Religion: Ian G. Barbour and His Legacy (ed.) Robert J. Russell. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
• Gula, Richard M., Reason Informed by Faith: Foundations of Catholic Morality, New York: Paulist Press, 1982.
• Heidegger, Martin v. dğr., Becoming Heidegger: on the Trail of His Early Occasional Writing, Ilinois: Northwestern University, 2007.
• Hudson, Deal Wyatt, ve Matthew J. Mancini, Understanding Maritain: Philosopher and Friend, Macon: Mercer University Press, 1987.
• Knasas, John F.X, Transcendental Thomist Methodology and Maritain’s Critical Realism, Jacques Maritain and Many Ways of Knowing (ed.) Douglas A. Ollivat, Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2002.
• LaMontagne, David Paul, Barth and Rationality Critical Realism in Theology, PhD Thesis, Princeton: Princeton Theological Seminary, 2001.
• Lucas, George R., The Rehabilitation of Whitehead: an Analytic and Historical Assessment of Process Philosophy, New York: SUNNY Pres, 1989.
• Locke, John, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, London: J. F. Dove, 1828.
• Maritain, Jacques, An Introduction to Philosophy, New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2005.
• McCool, Gerald A., Nineteenth-Century Scholasticism The search for a Unitary Method, New York: Fordham University Pres, 1989.
• McMullin, Ernan, A Case for Scientific Realism, Jarred Leplin (Ed.), Scientific Realism, Los Angeles: University of California Pres, 1984.
• Niekerk, Kees Van Kooten, Critical Realism, Encyclopedia of Science and Religion. Estados Unidos: Macmillan Reference, 2003.
• Norris, Christopher, Roy Bhaskar Interviewed. Son Erişim Tarihi 28.11.2017, http://www.criticalrealism.com/archive/rbhaskar_rbi.html
• Ozan, Ebru Deniz, Sosyal Bilimlerde Gerçekçi İlişkisel Yaklaşımın Anahatları. Praksis, 1(3), Son Erişim Tarihi 28.11.2017, http://praksis.fisek.com.tr/ozan01y.php
• Peacocke, Arthur, Intimations of Reality, Indıana, Greencastle: University of Notre Dame Pres, 1984.
• Peacocke, Arthur, Theology for a Scientific Age Being and Becoming – Natural, Divine and Human, Minneapolis: Fortress Pres, 1993.
• Polanyi, Michael, Science and Religion: Separate Dimensions or Common Ground? Philosophy Today, (1963), Bahar.
• Polkinghorne, John, Belief in God in an Age of Science, New Haven: Yale University Pres, 1998.
• Polkinghorne, John, Faith, Science and Understanding, New Haven: Yale University Pres, 2000.
• Polkinghorne, John, One World the Interaction of Science and Theology, London: Templeton Foundation Press. 2007.
• Polkinghorne, John, Quantum Physics and Theology an Unexpected Kinship, New Haven: Yale University Pres, 2007.
• Patomaki, Heikki, “Debate After Critical Realism The Relevance of Contemporary Science”, Journal of Critical Realism, Cilt. 9, Sayı.1 (2010).
• Patomaki, Heikki, From East to West: Emergent Global Philosophies – Beginnings of the end of Western Dominance? Theory, Culture & Society, Cilt. 19 Sayı. 3, 2002).
• Russell, Robert J., Fifty years in science and religion: Ian G. Barbour and his legacy. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004
• Sellars, Roy W., A Clarification of Critical Realism. Philosophy of Science, Cilt. 6, Sayı 4, (1939).
• Verstegen, Ian, Mandelbaum. Son Erişim Tarihi 28.11.2017, http://ianverstegen.googlepages.com/mandelbaum