Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Eleventh-Century Papal Reform in the Shadow of Church-State Conflict

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 775 - 806, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.1547453

Abstract

The Papacy, which has a history of nearly two thousand years, has experienced many milestones in its history. One of these moments was the papal reform, or Gregorian Reformation as it is often called, which took pla-ce in the XI century. What makes this reform important is that it created a break in the Church-State relationship that had been going on in Europe for many years and that this break brought about a serious transformation in Papal policies. In this context, the scope of this study on the papal reform in the eleventh century includes the historical process affecting the emergence of the reform, the adoption and systematization of the reform by the pa-pacy, and the transformation in the reform process with the accession of Pope Gregorius VII. In order to understand the reform process, the study first examines the situation of the Papacy in the pre-reform period. The emergence of the Cluny movement and its impact on the reform was briefly mentioned and it was tried to show that the reform movement was adopted not only by the clergy but also by the monks and laity. Then, with the acces-sion of Leo IX to the papacy, the spread of the reformist approach in the Church and the efforts of Leo’s successors to systematize the reform were mentioned. Finally, the struggle of Gregorius VII with the German Emperor Henry IV and the results of this struggle are mentioned and the study is concluded.

References

  • Bauer, Susan Wise. Ortaçağ Dünyası. çev. Mehmet Moralı. İstanbul: ALFA, 2022.
  • Brooke, C. N. L. “Gregorian Reform in Action: Clerical Marriage in England 1050-1200”. The Cambridge Historical Journal 12/1 (1956), 1-21.
  • Cantor, Norman F. “The Crises of Western Monasticism, 1050-1130”. The American Historical Review 66/1 (1960), 47-67.
  • Cheetham, Nicholas. Keepers of the Keys: A History of Popes from St. Peter to John Paul II. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1983.
  • Cowdrey, H. E. J. “Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) and the Liturgy”. The Journal of Theological Studies 55/1 (2004), 55-83.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 4. Basım, 2020.
  • Davis, R. H. C. Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. çev. Rümeysa Şişman. İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 2. Basım, 2020.
  • Deanesly, Margaret. A History of the Medieval Church 590-1500. London: Routledge, 1990.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. Orta Çağ Papalığının Mimarı Gregorius Magnus. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2023.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Papalığın Karanlık Çağı: Saeculum Obscurum”. Hıristiyanlık Üzerine İncelemeler. ed. İsmail Taşpınar - Dursun Ali Aykıt. Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2023.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nin ‘Büyük’ Papaları”. Hıristiyanlık Üzerine İncelemeler. ed. İsmail Taşpınar - Dursun Ali Aykıt. 75-114. Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2023.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven, Conn. London: Yale University Press, 3rd ed., 2006.
  • Durmaz, Sayime. “Yüksek Ortaçağ’da Papa-İmparator Çatışması: Kılıç ile Âsâ’nın Savaşı”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 1/1 (2011), 93-120.
  • Dwyer, John C. Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1998.
  • Goldberg, Eric J. Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  • Grassi, J. A. “Simon Magus”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). 13/130-131. Washington D.C.: Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Aziz Benedikt ve Hıristiyan Manastır Yaşamı. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2021.
  • Gwynn, Aubrey. “Gregory VII as Modern Scholars See Him”. Studies: An Irish Quaterly Review 39/153 (1950), 40-50.
  • Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. London: George Bell and Sons, 1910.
  • Howe, John. “The Nobility’s Reform of the Medieval Church”. The American Historical Review 93/2 (1988), 317- 339.
  • Kelly, John N. D. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  • Ladner, Gerhart B. “Aspects of Mediaeval Thought on Church and State”. The Review of Politics 9/4 (1947), 403-422.
  • Le Goff, Jacques. Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı. çev. Hanife Güven - Uğur Güven. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 3. Basım, 2019.
  • Lewis, Brenda Ralph. Papaların Karanlık Tarihi. çev. Sena Nur Yavuz. İstanbul: Ketebe Yayınları, 2019.
  • Liudprando di Cremona. The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona. çev. Paolo Squatriti. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2007.
  • Malegam, Jehangir Yezdi. “Pro-Papacy Polemic and Purity of the Church: The Gregorian Reform”. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of Ideology and Institution. ed. Atria Larson - Keith Sisson. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
  • Mann, Horace K. The Life of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. Dryden House, Gerrard Street W.: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1910.
  • McBrien, Richard P. The Pocket Guide to the Popes. London: Harper Collins, 2006.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in the History of the Papacy. New York and London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916.
  • Mclaughlin, Megan. “The Bishop in the Bedroom: Witnessing Episcopal Sexuality in an Age of Reform”. Journal of History of Sexuality 19/1 (2010), 17-34.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • O’Loughlin, Thomas. “Celibate Clergy: The Need for Historical Debate”. New Blackfriars 85/1000 (2004), 583- 597.
  • O’Malley, John. A History of the Popes From Peter to the Present. Estover Road, UK: A Sheed & Ward Book, 2009.
  • Pirene, Henri. Kavimler Göçü’nden XVI. Yüzyıla Kadar Avrupa Tarihi. çev. Sinan Akbaytürk. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2022.
  • Pope Gregorius VII. The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII: Selected Letters from Registrum. çev. Ephraim Emerton. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
  • Rennie, Kriston R. “Extending Gregory VII’s ‘Friendship Newtwork’: Social Contacts in Late Eleventh-Century France”. History 93/4 (312) (2008), 475-496.
  • Robinson, I. S. “Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ”. History 58/193 (1973), 169-192.
  • Robinson, I. S. “Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum 1077-1080”. The English Historical Review 94/373 (1979), 721-726.
  • Robinson, I. S. “The Friendship Network of Gregory VII”. History 63/207 (1978), 1-22.
  • Robinson, I. S. The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
  • Ullmann, Walter. Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1962.
  • Walker, Williston vd. A History of the Christian Church. New York: Scribner Books, 1985.
  • Whalen, Brett Edward. The Medieval Papacy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Kilise-Devlet Çatışmasının Gölgesinde XI. Yüzyıl Papalık Reformu

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 775 - 806, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.1547453

Abstract

Yaklaşık iki bin yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan Papalık, tarihsel süreç içeri-sinde pek çok dönüm noktası tecrübe etmiştir. Bu dönüm noktalarından biri de XI. yüzyılda gerçekleşen Papalık reformu ya da çoğunlukla kullanılan ismiyle Gregoryan Reform’dur. Bu reformu önemli kılan husus, uzun yıllar-dır Avrupa’da devam eden Kilise-Devlet ilişkisinde bir kırılım yaratması ve bu kırılımın Papalık politikalarında ciddi bir dönüşüm meydana getirmesi-dir. Bu bağlamda, XI. yüzyıl Papalık Reformu’nu ele alan çalışmanın kap-samını; reformun ortaya çıkışını etkileyen tarihsel süreç, reformun Papalık tarafından benimsenmesi ve sistemli bir hale gelmesi ve Papa VII. Grego-rius’un makama gelişiyle birlikte reform sürecinde yaşanan dönüşüm oluş-turmaktadır. Reform sürecinin anlaşılabilmesi adına çalışmada ilk olarak reform öncesi dönemde Papalığın içinde bulunduğu durum ele alınmıştır. Cluny hareketinin ortaya çıkışı ve reforma etkisinden kısaca bahsedilmiş ve reform hareketinin yalnızca ruhban sınıfı tarafından değil keşişler ve halk arasında da benimsendiği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ardından IX. Leo’nun Papalık makamına gelmesiyle birlikte Kilise’de reformist yaklaşımın yaygın-laşması ve Leo’nun haleflerinin reformu sistemleştirme çabalarında değinil-miştir. Son olarak VII. Gregorius’un Alman İmparatoru IV. Henry ile girdiği mücadele ve bu mücadelenin sonuçlarından bahsedilerek çalışma sonlandı-rılmıştır.

References

  • Bauer, Susan Wise. Ortaçağ Dünyası. çev. Mehmet Moralı. İstanbul: ALFA, 2022.
  • Brooke, C. N. L. “Gregorian Reform in Action: Clerical Marriage in England 1050-1200”. The Cambridge Historical Journal 12/1 (1956), 1-21.
  • Cantor, Norman F. “The Crises of Western Monasticism, 1050-1130”. The American Historical Review 66/1 (1960), 47-67.
  • Cheetham, Nicholas. Keepers of the Keys: A History of Popes from St. Peter to John Paul II. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1983.
  • Cowdrey, H. E. J. “Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) and the Liturgy”. The Journal of Theological Studies 55/1 (2004), 55-83.
  • Çoban, Bekir Zakir. Geçmişten Günümüze Papalık. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 4. Basım, 2020.
  • Davis, R. H. C. Orta Çağ Avrupa Tarihi. çev. Rümeysa Şişman. İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 2. Basım, 2020.
  • Deanesly, Margaret. A History of the Medieval Church 590-1500. London: Routledge, 1990.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. Orta Çağ Papalığının Mimarı Gregorius Magnus. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2023.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Papalığın Karanlık Çağı: Saeculum Obscurum”. Hıristiyanlık Üzerine İncelemeler. ed. İsmail Taşpınar - Dursun Ali Aykıt. Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2023.
  • Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Roma Katolik Kilisesi’nin ‘Büyük’ Papaları”. Hıristiyanlık Üzerine İncelemeler. ed. İsmail Taşpınar - Dursun Ali Aykıt. 75-114. Ankara: Sonçağ Akademi, 2023.
  • Duffy, Eamon. Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. New Haven, Conn. London: Yale University Press, 3rd ed., 2006.
  • Durmaz, Sayime. “Yüksek Ortaçağ’da Papa-İmparator Çatışması: Kılıç ile Âsâ’nın Savaşı”. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 1/1 (2011), 93-120.
  • Dwyer, John C. Church History: Twenty Centuries of Catholic Christianity. New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1998.
  • Goldberg, Eric J. Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817-876. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  • Grassi, J. A. “Simon Magus”. New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second Edition). 13/130-131. Washington D.C.: Thomson and Gale, 2003.
  • Güzeldal, Yasin. Aziz Benedikt ve Hıristiyan Manastır Yaşamı. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları, 2021.
  • Gwynn, Aubrey. “Gregory VII as Modern Scholars See Him”. Studies: An Irish Quaterly Review 39/153 (1950), 40-50.
  • Henderson, Ernest F. Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. London: George Bell and Sons, 1910.
  • Howe, John. “The Nobility’s Reform of the Medieval Church”. The American Historical Review 93/2 (1988), 317- 339.
  • Kelly, John N. D. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
  • Ladner, Gerhart B. “Aspects of Mediaeval Thought on Church and State”. The Review of Politics 9/4 (1947), 403-422.
  • Le Goff, Jacques. Ortaçağ Batı Uygarlığı. çev. Hanife Güven - Uğur Güven. Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 3. Basım, 2019.
  • Lewis, Brenda Ralph. Papaların Karanlık Tarihi. çev. Sena Nur Yavuz. İstanbul: Ketebe Yayınları, 2019.
  • Liudprando di Cremona. The Complete Works of Liudprand of Cremona. çev. Paolo Squatriti. Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2007.
  • Malegam, Jehangir Yezdi. “Pro-Papacy Polemic and Purity of the Church: The Gregorian Reform”. A Companion to the Medieval Papacy: Growth of Ideology and Institution. ed. Atria Larson - Keith Sisson. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
  • Mann, Horace K. The Life of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. Dryden House, Gerrard Street W.: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1910.
  • McBrien, Richard P. The Pocket Guide to the Popes. London: Harper Collins, 2006.
  • McCabe, Joseph. Crises in the History of the Papacy. New York and London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916.
  • Mclaughlin, Megan. “The Bishop in the Bedroom: Witnessing Episcopal Sexuality in an Age of Reform”. Journal of History of Sexuality 19/1 (2010), 17-34.
  • Morris, Colin. The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • O’Loughlin, Thomas. “Celibate Clergy: The Need for Historical Debate”. New Blackfriars 85/1000 (2004), 583- 597.
  • O’Malley, John. A History of the Popes From Peter to the Present. Estover Road, UK: A Sheed & Ward Book, 2009.
  • Pirene, Henri. Kavimler Göçü’nden XVI. Yüzyıla Kadar Avrupa Tarihi. çev. Sinan Akbaytürk. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2022.
  • Pope Gregorius VII. The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII: Selected Letters from Registrum. çev. Ephraim Emerton. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
  • Rennie, Kriston R. “Extending Gregory VII’s ‘Friendship Newtwork’: Social Contacts in Late Eleventh-Century France”. History 93/4 (312) (2008), 475-496.
  • Robinson, I. S. “Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ”. History 58/193 (1973), 169-192.
  • Robinson, I. S. “Pope Gregory VII, the Princes and the Pactum 1077-1080”. The English Historical Review 94/373 (1979), 721-726.
  • Robinson, I. S. “The Friendship Network of Gregory VII”. History 63/207 (1978), 1-22.
  • Robinson, I. S. The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004.
  • Ullmann, Walter. Growth of Papal Government in Middle Ages. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1962.
  • Walker, Williston vd. A History of the Christian Church. New York: Scribner Books, 1985.
  • Whalen, Brett Edward. The Medieval Papacy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Religion
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Furkan Dinleyici 0000-0002-8819-7770

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date September 10, 2024
Acceptance Date November 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Dinleyici, Mustafa Furkan. “Kilise-Devlet Çatışmasının Gölgesinde XI. Yüzyıl Papalık Reformu”. Tasavvur / Tekirdağ İlahiyat Dergisi 10/2 (December 2024), 775-806. https://doi.org/10.47424/tasavvur.1547453.

Flag Counter