Grafit: Bir Genel Değerlendirme

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 14 - 33, 31.01.2018

A. Dilek Cuhadaroğlu , Erdal Kara

Abstract

Özet: Özellikleri nedeni ile stratejik hammaddeler arasında yer alan grafitin kullanım alanları çok geniştir. Mükemmel ısı ve elektrik iletkenliği ve ısıya dayanıklılık gibi çok önemli özellikleri nedenleriyle günümüz teknolojisinin vazgeçilemeyen endüstriyel hammaddesi olan grafit; ateşe ve asitlere karşı dayanıklığı nedeniyle döküm ve refrakter sanayiinde, pota ve laboratuvar malzemeleri yapımında, yüksek elektrik iletkenliği ile elektrod, motor fırçaları, pil çubukları ve elektronik aletlerin imalinde, yumuşaklığı nedeniyle, kurşun kalem yapımı ve hareketli metal aksamlarının yağlanmasında, bunlara ilaveten siyah renkli ateşe dayanıklı boyalarda, motor yağlarında katkı malzemesi olarak, lastik, araba balataları imalinde kullanılmaktadır.   Bu teknik araştırmada bir karbon minerali olan grafitin özellikleri-sınıflandırılması, üretimi-tüketimi, kullanım alanları, ve zenginleştirme teknolojileri ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiş, Dünya’da ve Ülkemizde yapılan zenginleştirme çalışmalardan elde edilen sonuçlar özetlenmiştir. Abstract: Regarding its properties graphite which is a strategic raw material has wide range of usege areas.  Graphite has excellent heat and electical conductivity and it is also resistant to heat. Due to abovementioned reasons, graphite is irreplaceable material for industy. In order to give examples, casting and refractory industry utilize graphite due to its resistant to heat and acids, it is also used in laboratory materials and crucible production, due to its high electric conductivity electrode, battery bars, engine brushes and electronical devices production. And due to its softness pencil production and oiling of moving metalic parts, and also black colored durable to high heat dye production, engine oil production, tyre and balata production graphite is used as additive material.   In this techical research, properties, classification, production and comsumption, usage areas and beneficiation processes of graphite which is actually carbon mineral is explained. Beneficiation studies in our country and in the World and results of these studies were summarized in this study.

Keywords

Grafit, Endüstriyel Mineraller Zenginleştirme, Flotasyon, Liçing, Roasting

References

• [1] Bulatovic, S. M., 2014, pp. 163-171, “Beneficiation of Graphite Ore.” In Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and Practice. Volume 3: Flotation of Industrial Minerals (S. M. Bulatovic, Ed.), Oxford, UK: Waltham.
• [2] European Union, Report On Critical Raw Materials For The EU, 2014, pp. 1–41, Report of The Ad Hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materia, European Commission.
• [3] Kwiecińska, B., Petersen, H.I., 2004. “Graphite, Semi-Graphite, Natural Coke, and Natural Charclassification”-ICCP System. Int. J. Coal Geol. 57 99-116.
• [4] Cowie, A., 2012, The Biggest Graphite Find in Decades Comes With a Catch. http://moneymorning.com/
• [5] Chelgani, S. C., M. Rudolph, R. Kratzsch, D. Sandmann & J. Gutzmer, 2016 “A Review of Graphite Beneficiation Techniques”, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 37, 1, 58-68.
• [6] Arbiter, N., 1985, pp. 82–89, “Flotation.” In SME Mineral Processing Handbook, Vol. 1 (N. L. Weiss, Ed.), New York, NY: AIME
• [7] George J. Simandl, Suzanne Paradis, and Carlee Akam, 2015-3. “Graphite Deposit Types, Their Origin, and Economic Significance, Symposium on Critical and Strategic Materials. British Columbia Geological Survey Paper
• [8] Asbury Carbons, 2013. “Natural Flake Graphite”. http://asbury.com/technical-presentations-papers/materials-in-depth/natural-flake-graphite
• [9] DNI Metals Inc., 2014, Traditional and Emerging Market Applications–Graphite Industry. http://www.dnimetals.com/properties/graphite.htm
• [10] Graphite One Resources, 2015, Graphite 101. http://graphiteoneresources.com/
• [11] Urcun, U Türkiye’de Grafit Madenciliği, Madencilik Bülteni Eylül, 2008.
• [12] Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Madencilik ÖİK Raporu Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Alt Komisyonu Genel Endüstri Mineralleri I (Asbest-Grafit-Kalsit-Fluorit-Titanyum) Çalışma Grubu Raporu http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/madencil/sanayiha/oik629.pdf 47).
• [13] Dumont M., 2005. pp. 1-11. Graphite. Canadian Minerals Yearbook, Chapter 25.
• [14] Gredelj, S., Zanin, M., and Grano, S. R., 2009, “Selective Flotation of Carbon in the Pb-Zn Carbonaceous Sulphide Ores of Century Mine, Zinifex.” Minerals Engineering, 22, 279–288.
• [15] Kalyoncu, R.S., Taylor, H.A., 2000, pp. 1-21, Natural Graphite, in: Seidel, A., Bickford, M. (Eds.), Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Online. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
• [16] Kaya, O.; Canbazoglu, M., 2009, “Chemical demineralization of three different graphite ores from Turkey”, Minerals & Metallurgical Processing , 2009, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 158-162
• [17] Mitchell, C.J., 1993. 35 p. Industrial Minerals Laboratory Manual: Flake Graphite, British Geological Survey Technical Report WG/92/30.
• [18] Wakamatsu, T. and Numata, Y., 1991, “Flotation of Graphite”, Minerals Engineering, 4, 7-11, 975-982.
• [19] Jagiello, J., Judek, J., Zdrojek, M., Aksienionek, M., Lipinska, L., 2014.” Production of graphene composite by direct graphite exfoliation with chitosan.” Mater Chem Phys 148, 507-511.
• [20] Kaya Ö. 2006, Grafit Zenginleştirme Yöntemleri ve Zenginleştirmeye Etki Eden Parametrelerin Araştırılması Doktora Tezi Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Maden Müh. Anabilim Dalı.
• [21] Glembotskii, V. A.; Klassen, V. I.; Plaksin, I. N.; 1972, Pages 424-427. “Flotation”, Tsvetnye Metally, New York.
• [22] Li, H., Feng, Q., Yang, S., Ou, L., and Lu, Y., 2014, “The Entrainment Behaviour Of Sericite İn Microcrystalline Graphite Flotation.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 127, 1–9.
• [23] Solaris, J. A., De Araujo, A. C., and Laskowski, J. S., 1986, “The Effect of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Flotation and Surface Properties of Graphite.” Coal Preparation, 3, 15–31.
• [24] Kaya, O.; Canbazoglu, M., 2007, A study on the floatability of graphite ore from Yozgat Akdagmadeni (Turkey). Journal of Ore Dressing, 9.17: 40-44.
• [25] Vasumathi, N., Kumar, T. V. V., Ratchambigai, S., Rao, S. S., Prabhakar, S., Raju, G. B., Nayak, B. R., Kumar, S., S., and Raman, U., 2013, pp. 45-153, “Single Reagent For Graphite Flotation.” In XIII International Seminar Mıneral Processıng And Extractıve Metallurgy Revıew on Mineral Processing Technology (MPT 2013), 2013, Bbubaneswar, India.
• [26] Ravichandran, V., Eswaraiah, C., and Manisankar, P., 2012, “Beneficiation of Low-Grade Graphite Ore Deposits of Tamil Nadu (India).” Journal of Ultra Chemistry, 8, 159–168.
• [27] Salgado, M.R., 2001, “Upgrading Graphite by Flotation at Bogala Mines in Sri Lanka.” Journal of Central South University of Technology,. 8, 3, 193-196
• [28] Mangaiah, G., Raju, C.A.I., Rao., S.S., Prasad, P.R., 2005, pp. 72-77. “Studies on Flotation of Graphite”, in: Misra, V.N., Das, S.C., Subbaiah, T. (Eds.), Emerging Trends in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
• [29] Raghavan, P., Chandrasekhar, S., Sivam, C., Lalithambika, M., and Damodaran, A. D., 1992, “Removal of Ultrafine Graphite İmpurities From China Clay by Floc-Flotation.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 36, 51–61.
• [30] Vasumathi, N., Vijaya Kumar, T. V., Ratchambigai, S., Subba Rao, S., and Bhaskar Raju, G., 2015, “Flotation Studies on Low-Grade Graphite Ore From Eastern India.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 25, 415–420.
• [31] Pugh, R. J., 2000, “Non-Ionic Polyethylene Oxide Frothers in Graphite Flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 13, 151–162.
• [32] Acharya, B. C.; Rao, D. S.; Prakash, S.; Reddy, P. S. R. And Biswal, 1996, “Processing of Low Grade Graphite Ores of Orissa, India”, Minerals Engineering, 9, 11, 1165-1169.
• [33] Hongqiang, L., Feng Q., Ou L., Long S., Cui M., Weng X., 2013, “Study on Washability of Microcrystal Graphite Using Float–Sink Tests”, International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 23: 855-861.
• [34] Kim, B.G.; Choi, S. K.; Chung, H. S.; Lee, J. J.; Saito, F., “Grinding Characteristics of Cristalline Graphite in a Low-Pressure Attrition System”, Powder Technology, 126, 1, (2002), 22-27.
• [35] Civelekoglu, S.; Erdem, A; Gülmez, A.; Sahin, N.; 2001, “Konya-Derbent-Çoraklıdere ve Mülayimköy Grafitlerinin Zenginleştirme Çalışmaları”, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, MAT Dairesi, Ankara.
• [36] Patil, D. P.; Bhaskar, K. U.; Jakhu, M. R.; Rao, T. C., 1997, “Removal of Graphite from Lead Rougher Concentrate Using Water-Only Cyclones”, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 49, 1-2, 87-96.
• [37] Park, J. G. and Dodd, D.S., 1994, “The Merelani Graphite Project-Tanzania”, Minerals Engineering, 7, 2-3, 371-387.
• [38] Patil, M. R., Shivakumar, K. S., Prakash, S., and Bhima Rao, R., 1997, “Estimation of The Liberation Size of Graphite in a Schistose Rock and its Response to Beneficiation.” Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 14. 41–44.
• [39] Tran, D. N. H., Whitby, C. P., Fornasiero, D., and Ralston, J., 2010, “Selective Separation Of Very Fine Particles at A Planar Air-Water İnterface.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 94, 35–42.
• [40] Narasimhan, K. S.; Rao, S. B. and Chowdhury, G. S., 1972, “Column Flotation Improves Graphite Recovery”, Engineering&Mining Journal, 84-85.
• [41] Kim, B. G., Choi, S. K., Park, C. L., Chung, H. S., and Jeon, H. S., 2003, “Inclusion Of Gangue Mineral And İts Mechanical Separation From Expanded Graphite.” Particulate Science and Technology, 21, 341–351.
• [42] Lu, X. and Forssberg, E., 2001a, “Flotation Selectivity and Upgrading of Woxna Fine Graphite Concentrate.”, Minerals Engineering, 14, 1541–1543.
• [43] Lu, X. J. and Forssberg, E., 2001b, “Study On The Upgrading Of Woxna Fine Graphite Concentrate.” In Proceeding of the 9th Balkan Mineral Processing Congress: New Developments in Mineral Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, 339–352.
• [44] Lu, X. J. and Forssberg, E., 2002, “Preparation of High-Purity and Low Sulphur Graphite From Woxna Fine Graphite Concentrate by Alkali Roasting.” Minerals Engineering, 15, 755–757.
• [45] Li, J., Lin, H., Zhao, W., and Chen, G., 2008, “Instant Modification of Graphite Nanosheets By The Grafting Of A Styrene Oligomer Under Microwave Radiation.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 109, 1377–1380.
• [46] Rao R. B. and Patnaik, N.; 2004, “Preparation of High Pure Graphite by Alkali Digestion Method”, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, 33, 257-260.
• [47] Patnaik, N., Patil, M. R., and Rao, R. B., 1997, pp. 189–193, “Effect of Acid Leaching on Recovery of Graphite From Calcareous Deposits.” National Seminar Volume on Processing of Fines (PROF-97), Jamshedpur, India.
• [48] Subramanian, S. and Laskowski, J. S., 1993, “Adsorption of Dextrin Onto Graphite.” Langmuir, 9, 1330–1333.
• [49] Menéndez, J. A., Arenillas, A., Fidalgo, B., Fernández, Y., Zubizarreta, L., Calvo, E. G., and Bermúdez, J. M., 2010, “Microwave Heating Processes İnvolving Carbon Materials.” Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 1–8.
• [50] Menéndez, J. A., Juárez-Pérez, E. J., Ruisánchez, E., Bermúdez, J. M., and Arenillas, A., 2011, “Ball Lightning Plasma and Plasma Arc Formation During the Microwave Heating of Carbons.” Carbon, 49, 346–349.
• [51] Chen, T. T., Dutrizac, J. E., Haque, K. E., Wyslouzil, W., and Kashyap, S., 1984, “The Relative Transparency of Minerals To Microwave Radiation.” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 23, 349–351.
• [52] McGill, S. L., Walkiewicz, J. W., and Smyres, G. A., 1988, “The Effects of Power Level on The Microwave Heating of Selected Chemicals and Minerals.” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 124, 247–254.
• [53] Walkiewicz, J. W., Kazonich, G., and McGill, S. L., 1988, “Microwave Heating Characteristics of Selected Minerals And Compounds”, Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 5, 39–42.
• [54] Chandrasekaran, S., Basak, T., and Srinivasan, R., 2013, “Microwave Heating Characteristics of Graphite Based Powder Mixtures.” International Communications in Heat Mass Transfer, 48, 22–27.
• [55] Mesroghli S., Yperman J., Jorjani, E., Carleer, R., and Noaparast, M., 2015, “Evaluation of Microwave Treatment on Coal Structure and Sulfur Species by Reductive Pyrolysis-Mass Spectrometry Method.” Fuel Process Technology, 131, 193–202.
• [56] Zaghib K., Song, X., Guerfi, A., Rioux, R., and Kinoshita, K., 2003, “Purification Process of Natural Graphite as Anode for Li-İon Batteries: Chemical Versus Thermal.” Journal of Power Sources, 119–121, 8–15.
• [57] Li H., Feng Q., Ou L., Long S., Cui M., and Weng X., 2013, “Study On Washability of Microcrystal Graphite Using Float-Sink Tests.” International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 23, pp. 855–861.
• [58] Tarnekar G. G. and Ravindranath K., 1997, pp.57-63, “Recovery of Economic Minerals From Graphite Float of Rajpura Dariba Mines.” National Seminar Volume on Processing of Fines (PROF-97), Jamshedpur, India.
• [59] Chernet T., Mervi W.,Harri L., Jukka R., Janne V., The Effect of Micro-Grinding and Micro-Graphite Flotation To Upgrade The Quality Of Calcite Concentrate, With Reference To Kurikka Calcite Marble Deposit, Finland Minerals Engineering 19 (2006) 372–375.
• [60] Bhaskar, K. U.; Govindarajan, B.; Barnwal, J. P.; Venugopal, R., Jakhu, M. R.; Rao, T. C., 2002, “Performance and Modeling Studies of an MGS for Graphite Rejection in Lead Concentrate”, International Journal of Mineral Processing, 67, 1-4, 59-70.
• [61] Sinha Neeta1 and Singh R., 2014, “Beneficiation and Purification of A Low Grade and Finely Disseminated Graphite Ore, Journal of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Volume : 56, Issue : 15-22. [62] Yamık, A., 1988, s. 202-212, “Grafit ve Zenginlestirilmesi”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Isparta Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 1.
• [63] Kumru, C. ve Şahin, N., 1993, Yozgat-Akdağmadeni Grafit Numunesinin Zenginleştirme Çalışmaları, MTA Teknoloji Şubesi Raporu, No: 207, 22.
• [64] Malayoğlu, U.; Çiçek, T.; Akar, A.; 1999, “Muğla-Milas Grafit Cevherlerinin Flotasyon Yöntemi ile Zenginlesebilirliğinin Araştırılması”, 3. Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, İzmir/Türkiye, 109-113.
• [65] H. Kırbaş ve İ. Girgin, 2001, “Yozgat-Akdağmadeni Grafitlerinin İki-Sıvı Ekstraksiyonu Yöntemi İle Zenginleştirilmesi Olanaklarının Araştırılması”, 4.Endüstriyel Hammaddeler Sempozyumu, İzmir, Türkiye.
• [66] Çifçi, F., Balıkesir-Demirkapı Grafit Cevherinin Aşındırmalı Karıştırma ve Flotasyonla Zenginleştirilebilirliğinin Araştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Maden Müh. Anabilim Dalı.
• [67] Engin Y., 2014, 52-58, Kayaçlar: Endüstryel Hammaddeler.
• [68] B. Grabowski, J. Drzymała, 2008, “Graphite Flotation in The Presence of Sodium Acetate” Annales UMCS, Chemia The Journal of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University Lublin, Polonia, Section AA, 63, 68-72.
• [69] Hussain, S. Y.; 1988, “Concentration of Graphite Ore from Pakistan”, Proceedings of The II. International Mineral Processing Symposium, İzmir/Turkey, 313-330.
• [70] International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, 1998.The new vitrinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel, 77, 349– 358.
• [71] International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology, 2001.The new inertinite classification (ICCP System 1994). Fuel 80, 459– 471.
• [72] Uysal S., Graphite In Turkey And Its Position In Europe, Industrial Minerals International Congress&Exhibition, 2012.
• [73] Uysal, S., 2nd Graphite Conference/London 2012. Global Marketing Manager Syrah Resources Limited.
• [74] Uysal, S., Kritik Hammaddeler: Grafit, Madencilik,2012.
• [75] Weng, S., 1993, “Mössbauer Analysis Of The Microwave Desulfurization Process of Raw Coal.” Journal of Applied Physics, 73, pp. 4680–4682.