Fosfat çözen bakterilerin pamuk bitkisinin gelişimine ve Verticillium Solgunluğu’na etkileri

Öz

Organik veya inorganik fosfatı çözebilme potansiyeline sahip, çeşitli kültür bitkilerinin rizosferinden izole edilen 5 bakteri izolatının (6k8-Pseudomonas putida, 6ba6- Pseudomonas fluorescens, F5-Burkholderia cepacia, E21-Pseudomonas sp., C5-Bacillus megaterium) Pamuk Verticillium Solgunluğu’na ve bitki gelişimine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Tohum bakterizasyonu uygulanmış Carmen çeşiti pamuk bitkilerinde F5 ve 6ba6 izolatları fosfor alınımını önemli derecede artırmış, sırasıyla % 47.9 ve % 23.1 oranında bitki kuru ağırlığında artış sağlamıştır. Gövde enjeksiyon yöntemi ile inokule edilen pamuk bitkilerinde, E21 ve F5 ile tohum bakterizasyonu Verticillium dahliae’nın yaprak dökmeyen ırkına karşı sırasıyla % 68.4 ve % 38.9 oranında etkili olurken, yaprak döken ırka karşı hiç bir izolat etkili bulunmamıştır. Toprakta iki farklı V. dahliae ırkına ait mikrosklerotların (10 ms/g toprak) varlığı durumunda, E21 ve 6ba6 izolatları ile tohum bakterizasyonu, yaprak dökmeyen ırka karşı sırasıyla % 69 ve % 66, yaprak döken ırka karşı da sırasıyla % 51.4 ve % 54 oranında önemli düzeyde etktili bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fosfor, pamuk, Verticillium dahliae, biyokontrol

Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria to growth of cotton plant and Verticillium Wilt

Öz

The five bacterial strains (6k8-Pseudomonas putida, 6ba6-Pseudomonas fluorescens, F5-Burkholderia cepacia, E21-Pseudomonas sp., C5-Bacillus megaterium) isolated from rizosphere of various crop plants were selected for their potential to solubilize organic or inorganic phosphate, and investigated for the effect of Verticillium wilt of cotton and plant growth. Bacterization of cotton seeds (cv. Carmen) with F5 and 6ba6 significantly increased the uptake of phosphorus and dry weight of cotton plants by 47.9% and 23.1%, respectively. After inoculation of cotton plants by stem injection, seed bacterization with E21 and F5 resulted in significant protection (68.4% and 38.9%, respectively) against nondefoliating strain of Verticillium dahliae, but none of the strains was effective against the defoliating strain. In the presence of mikrosclerotia (10 ms/g soil) of two different strains of V. dahliae, seed bacterization with E21 and 6ba6 was significantly suppressed the disease by 69% and 66% respectively, against the non-defoliating strain and by 51.4% and 54% respectively, against the defoliating strain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Phosphorus, cotton, Verticillium dahliae, biocontrol

Kaynakça

1. Agrios G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology. Academik Press. Florida, USA, 635pp.
2. Akgül D.S. & M. Mirik 2008. Biocontrol of Phytophthora capsici on pepper plants by Bacillus megatariumstrains. Journal of Plant Pathology, 90 (1):29-34.
3. Bakker A.W. & B. Schippers 1987. Microbial cyanide production in the rhizosphere in relation to potato yield Reduction and Pseudomonas spp. mediated plant growthstimulation. Soil BiologyandBiochemistry,19(4): 451-457.
4. Bejarano-Alcázar J., M. Melero-Vara, M.A. Blanco-López & R.M. Jiménez-Diaz 1995. Influence of inoculum density of defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae on epidemics of Verticillium wilt of cotton in southern Spain. Phytopathology,85:1474–1481.
5. Benlioğlu S., H. Ulusal & M. Demirbaş 2001. Aydın ilinde zeytin ağaçlarında Verticillium Solgunluğu. Türkiye IX. Fitopatoloji Kongresi,3-8Eylül 2001, Tekirdağ, 307-316.
6. Benlioğlu K., S.H. De Boer & L. Ward 1998. Sensitive detection of the Blackleg pathogen Erwinia carotovorasubsp. atrosepticaby PCR. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 27:9-17.
7. Berg G., A. Fritze, N. Roskot & K. Smalla 2001. Evaluation of potential biocontrol rhizobacteria from different host plants of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Journal of Applied Microbiology,156: 75–82.
8. Brown A.E. & J.T.G. Hamilton 1993. Indole-3-ethanol produced by Zygorrhynchusmoelleri, and indole-3-acetic acid analogue with antifungal activity. Mycological Research, 96: 71–74.

9. Campbell C.L. & L.V. Madden 1990. Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology. WileyInterscience, 532 pp.
10. Çakmakçı R. 2005. Bitki Gelişiminde Fosfat Çözücü Bakterilerin Önemi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(33):93-108.
11. Çubukçu N. & K. Benlioglu 2007. Biological control of Verticillium wilt of cotton by endophytic bacteria, Working Group ‘‘Biological Control of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens”, ‘‘Fundamental and Practical Approaches to Increase Biocontrol Efficacy”. In: Elad, Yigal, Ongena, Marc, Höfte, Monica, Haïssam Jijakli, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Meeting at Spa (Belgium), 6–10 September 2006, 30(6–2):371–375.
12. Droog F. 1997 Plant glutathione S-transferases, a tale of theta and tau. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 16:95–107.
13. Erdogan O. & K. Benlioglu 2010. Biological control of Verticillium wilt on cotton by the use of fluorescent Pseudomonasspp. under field conditions, Biological Control,53: 39 -45.
14. Esentepe M. 1979. Adana ve Antalya İllerinde Pamuklarda Görülen Solgunluk Hastalığının Etmeni, Yayılışı, Kesafeti ve Zarar Derecesi ile Ekolojisi Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Bornova Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü. Araştırma Eserleri Serisi No:32, Bornova/İzmir,47s.
15. Freitas J.R., M.R. Banerjee & J.J. GermIda 1997. Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria enhance the growth and yield but not phosphorus uptake of canola (Brassica napus L.). BiologyandFertilityofSoils, 24:358-364.
16. Friebertshauser G.E. & J.E. DeVay 1982. Differential effects of the defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae upon the growth and development of Gossypium hirsutum.Phytopathology,72:872-877.
17. Göre M.E. 2007. Vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from the Aegean region of Turkey. Phytoparasitica,35 (3): 222–231.
18. Hahn K. & G. Strittmatter 1994. Pathogen-defence gene prp1-1 from potato encodes an auxin-res. European Journal of Biochemistry, 226:619–626. 58
19. Hoagland D.R. & D.I. Arnon 1950. The Water-culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 371. The College of Agriculture. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
20. İyriboz N. 1941. Mahsulhastalıkları. No:1, Ziraat Vekaleti Neşriyatı, Ankara,237s.
21. Kampfer P. 2007. First International Meeting on Microbial Phosphate Solubilization.” Eds. E Velázquez & C Rodríguez-Barrueco. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, 102: 101-106.
22. Karaca İ., A. Karcılıoğlu & S. Ceylan 1971. Wilt diseases of cotton in the Ege Region of Turkey. The journal Turkish Phytopathology, İzmir. 1 (1):4-11. Karman M. 1971. Bitki Koruma Araştırmalarında Genel Bilgiler, Denemelerin Kuruluşu ve Değerlendirlme Esasları. T.C.TarımBakanlığı Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Karantina Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, 279s.
23. Leben S.D., J.A. Wadi & G.D. Easton 1987. Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens on potato plant growth and control of Verticillium dahliae.Phytopathology,77:1592-1595.
24. Lott W.L., J.P. Nery, J.R. Gallo & Medcaff J.C. 1956. Leaf Analysis Technique in Coffee Research IBEC. Research Institute,9:21-24.
25. Malandraki I., S.E. Tjamos, I.S. Pantelides & E. J. Paplomatas 2008. Thermal inactivation of compost suppressiveness implicates possible biological factors in disease management. Biological Control,44: 180–187.
26. McSpaddenGardener B.B., D.V. Mavrodi, L.S. Thomashow & D.M. Weller 2001. A rapid polymerase chain reaction-based assay characterizing rhhizosphere population of 2,4Diacetylphloroglucinol-producing bacteria. Phytopathology,91:44-54.
27. Mercado-Blanco J., D. Rodriguez-Jurado, A. Hervas & R.M. Jimenez-Diaz 2004. Suppression of Verticillium wilt in olive planting stocks by root-associated fluorescent Pseudomonassp.,BiologicalControl,30: 474–486.
28. Naik P.R, G. Raman, K.B. Narayanan & N. Sakthivel 2008. Assessment of genetic and functional diversity of phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizospheric soil. BMC Microbiology, 8:1-14.
29. Pal K.K. & B. McSpadden Gardener 2006. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. The Plant Health InstructorDOI: 10.1094/PHI-A-2006-1117-02.
30. Patten C.L. & B.R. Glick 2002. Role of Pseudomonas putida indoleacetic acid in development of the host plant root system. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 68: 3795-3801.
31. Paul E.A. & F.E. Clark 1996. Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry, San Diego: Academic Press, 340pp.
32. Quadt-Hallmann A., J. Hallmann & J.W. Kloepper 1997. Bacterial endophytes in cotton: location and interaction with other plant-associated bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,43(3):254-259.
33. Rodriguez H. & R. Fraga 1999. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their role in plant growth promotion. Biotechnology Advances,17:319–333.
34. Safiyazov J.S., R.N. Mannanov & R.K. Sattarova 1995, The use of bacterial antagonists for the control of cotton diseases. Field Crops Research,43(1): 51-54.
35. Sağır A., F. Tatlı & B. Gürkan 1995. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde pamuk ekim alanlarında görülen hastalıklar üzerine çalışmalar. GAP Bölgesi Bitki Koruma Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri Sempozyumu, 27-29 Nisan1995, Şanlıurfa
36. Schaad N.W., J.B. Jones & W. Chun 2001. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (Third Edition). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. Minnesota, 373pp.
37. Schwyn B & J.B. Neilands 1987. Universal Chemical Assay for the Detection and Determination of Siderophores. Analytical Biochemistry, 160 (1): 47-56.
38. Sezgin E. 1985. Pamuk solgunluk hastalığı ile savaşta kültürel işlemlerin önemi. Bornova Bölge Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü, Yıllık, 3:23-31.
39. Sundara B., V. Natarajan & K. Hari 2002. Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil availlable phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields. Field Crops Research,77:43-49.
40. Şahin F., R. Çakmakçı & F. Kantar 2004. Sugar beet and barley yields in relation to inoculation with N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Plant and Soil, 265: 123-129.
41. Tjamos E.C., D.I. Tsitsigiannis, S.E. Tjamos, P. Antoniou & P. Katinakis 2004. Selection and screening of endorhizosphere bacteria from solarised soils as biocontrol agents against Verticillium dahliae of solanaceous hosts. European Journal of Plant Pathology,110:35–44.
42. Turhan G., L.Y. Gökova & T. Hayat 1995. Chaetomium jodhpurense’nin Patlıcanda Verticillium Solgunluğu’yla Biyolojik Savaşta Etkinliği Üzerinde Araştırmalar. VII. Türkiye Fitopatoloji Kongresi Bildirileri,26-29 Eylül, 1995, Adana, 87-90.
43. Tzeng D.D. & J.E. De Vay 1985. Physiological responses of Gossypium hirsutum L. to infection by defoliating and nondefoliating pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Physiological Plant Pathology, 26:57-72.
44. Uppal A.K., A. El Hadrami, L.R. Adam, M. Tenuta & F. Daayf 2008. Biological control of potato wilt under controlled and field conditions using selected bacterial antagonists and plant extracts. Biological Control,44: 90–100.
45. Vassilev N., M. Vassileva & I. Nikolaeva 2006. Simultaneous P-solubilizing and biocontrol activity of microorganisms: potentials and future trends. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 71:137-144.
46. Yolageldi L., E. Onoğur & C. Tunç 2003. Present status of Verticillium wilt of olive in Western Anatolia and some factors affecting the disease prevalence. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 32: 31-39.
47. Zhengjun X., G. Benkang & W. Aiming 1996. Studies on biocontrol of Verticillium wilt of cotton by endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria. In: Wenhua, T., Cook, R. J., and Rovira, A. (eds) Advances in Biological Control of Plant Diseases, Beijing, China. Agricultural University Press, 125-127.