Tectonic geomorphology of the Çardak Fault surface rupture associated with the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Ekinözü earthquake (Mw 7.6)

Abstract

On February 6, 2023 at 13:24, an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.6 (Mw) occurred on the left-lateral strike-slip Çardak Fault. This earthquake, which created a 105 km long surface rupture on the Çardak Fault, could be traced and mapped from Göksun district of Kahramanmaraş province to Bıçakçı in Doğanşehir district of Malatya province in the east. The surface rupture produced left-lateral offsets of up to 8 meters and vertical displacements of 3-5 meters, which reflect the character of the fault. Within the Çardak Fault zone, surface deformations such as lateral spreads, pull-apart basins, fault scarps, and mole tracks also developed. The surface rupture of the Çardak Fault was firstly detected by the General Directorate of Mapping (GGM) with aerial photographs and satellite images taken after the earthquake and then confirmed by field works conducted between February 14-20 and 26-27, 2023. The geomorphologic traces of the fault were precisely measured and mapped from the ground with laser meters and from the air with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In addition, the data collected in the study were stored in the cloud environment as a geographic data service and made available to researchers with web-based maps (Cbskampus, 2023).

Keywords

• Çardak Fault
• Surface rupture
• Tectonic geomorphology
• Web-based mapping
• UAV

6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Ekinözü depremi (Mw 7.6) ile ilişkili Çardak Fayı yüzey kırığının tektonik jeomorfolojisi

Abstract

6 Şubat 2023 saat 13:24’te moment büyüklüğü 7.6 (Mw) olan Ekinözü depremi, sol yanal atımlı Çardak Fayı üzerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Çardak Fayı üzerinde 105 km uzunluğunda yüzey kırığı oluşturan bu deprem, Kahramanmaraş ilinin Göksun ilçesinden doğuda Malatya ilinin Doğanşehir ilçesine bağlı Bıçakçı’ya kadar takip edilebilmiş ve haritalanmıştır. Deprem sonucunda oluşan yüzey kırığı üzerinde fayın karakterini yansıtan 8 metreye varan sol yanal ötelenmelerin yanı sıra 3-5 metre düşey atımların da geliştiği saptanmıştır. Çardak Fay Zonu içerisinde yüzey kırığı ile birlikte yanal yayılmalar, çek-ayır havzalar, fay diklikleri ve köstebek yapıları gibi yüzey deformasyonları da gelişmiştir. Çardak Fayı’nın yüzey kırığı ilk olarak Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (HGM) tarafından deprem sonrası çekilen hava fotoğrafları ve uydu görüntüleri ile tespit edilmiş ve sonrasında 14-20 ve 26-27 Şubat 2023 tarihleri arasında yapılan arazi çalışmaları ile teyit edilmiştir. Fayın jeomorfolojik izleri lazermetre yardımıyla yerden, insansız hava araçları (İHA) ile havadan hassas bir şekilde ölçülerek haritalandırılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada toplanan veriler coğrafi veri servisi olarak bulut ortamında depolanarak web tabanlı haritalar (Cbskampus, 2023) ile araştırmacıların kullanımına sunulmuştur.

Keywords

• Çardak Fayı
• Yüzey kırığı
• Tektonik jeomorfoloji
• Web tabanlı haritalama
• İHA

References

1. AFAD (2023, Mart 23). AFAD son depremler(son 100 deprem). T. C. İçişleri Bakanlığı, Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı, Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/last-earthquakes. html
2. Allen, C. R. (1969). Active faulting in northern Turkey. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences Contribution, 1577. https:// resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170207-130936360
3. Allen, C. R.(1962). Circum-Pacific faulting in the Philippines-Taiwan region. Journal of Geophysical Research, 67(12), 4795-4812. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i012p04795
4. Allen, C. R. (1965) Transcurrent faults in continental areas. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and physical sciences, 258 (1088). pp. 82-89. https://resolver.caltech.edu/ CaltechAUTHORS:20151120-091941666
5. Allen, C. R., Silver, L. T., & Stehli, F. G. (1960). Agua Blanca fault—A major transverse structure of northern Baja California, Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 71(4), 467-482. https:// doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[467:ABFMTS]2.0.CO;2
6. Ambraseys, N. N. (1989). Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey. Geophysical Journal International, 96(2), 311-331. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb04453.x
7. Ambraseys, N. (2009). Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East: A multidisciplinary study of seismicity up to 1900. Cambridge University Press.
8. Anderson, R. S., & Burbank, D. W. (2011). Tectonic Geomorphology. John Wiley & Sons. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ book/10.1002/9781444345063

9. Arpat, E., & Şaroğlu, F. (1972). Some observations and thoughts on the East Anatolian fault, Bull. Miner. Res. Explor. Inst. Turk., 73,44–50.
10. Balkaya, M., Özden, S., & Akyüz, H. S. (2021). Morphometric and Morphotectonic Characteristics of Sürgü and Çardak Faults (East Anatolian Fault Zone). Journal of Advanced Research in Natural and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 375-392. https://doi.org/10.28979/ jarnas.939075
11. Bandibas, J., & Takarada, S. (2019). Mobile application and a webbased geographic ınformation system for sharing geological hazards ınformation in East and Southeast Asia. Journal of Geographic Information System, 11, 309-320. https://doi. org/10.4236/jgis.2019.113018
12. Barka, A. A., Toksöz, M. N., Gülen, L., & Kadinsky-Cade, K. (1987). Kuzey Anadolu Fayının doğu kesiminin segmentasyonu, sismistesi ve deprem potansiyeli: Yerbilimleri, 14, 337-352. https://yerbilimleri. hacettepe.edu.tr/no14/25.pdf
13. Biq C. (1959). The structural pattern of Taiwan compared with the eta type of shear form. Geological Society of China Proceedings, 2, 33-46.
14. Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14 (1-3), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09853111.2001.1 1432432
15. Braun, J., & Sambridge, M. (1997). Modelling landscape evolution on geological time scales: A new method based on irregular spatial discretization. Basin Research, 9, 27- 52. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00030.x
16. Bulut, F., M. Bohnhoff, T. Eken, C. Janssen, T. Kılıç, & G. Dresen (2012). The East Anatolian Fault Zone:Seismotectonic setting and spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity based on precise earthquake locations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B7), https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008966
17. Cbskampus (2023). Kahramanmaraş depremleri 06 Şubat 2023. Cbskampusmaps. https://cbskampus.maps.arcgis.com/apps/ webappviewer/index.html?id=845c9d4291414e46ad43ab65f- 615b6c8
18. Davis, W. M. (1927). The rifts of southern California. American Journal of Science, 5(73), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s5- 13.73.57
19. Dewey, J. F., Hempton, M. R., Kidd, W. S. F., Saroglu, F. A. M. C., & Şengör, A. M. C. (1986). Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia—a young collision zone. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 19(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.019.01.01
20. Duman, T. Y., & Emre, Ö. (2013). The East Anatolian Fault: geometry, segmentation and jog characteristics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 372(1), 495-529. https://doi. org/10.1144/SP372.1
21. Esri 2023a (2023, Nisan 5). ArcGIS field maps. https://www.esri. com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-field-maps/overview Esri 2023b (2023, Nisan 5). About ArcGIS online. https://doc.arcgis. com/en/arcgis-online/get-started/what-is-agol.htm
22. Fairbanks, H. W. (1907). The great earthquake rift of California, in Jordan, D. S. (ed.), The California earthquake of 1906 (pp. 371). San Francisco, A. M.Robertson.
23. Gilbert, G. K. (1907). The investigation of the California earthquake of 1906, in Jordan, D. S., (ed.), The California earthquake of 1906 (pp. 215-256) San Francisco,A. M. Robertson.
24. Francisco, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72(1), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016- 7606(1961)72[51:SAFNOS]2.0.CO;2
25. Karabacak, V., Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Tatar, O., Aktuğ, B., Özdağ, Ö. C., Çakır, R., Aksoy, E., Koçbulut, F., Softa, M., Akgün, E., Demir, A., & Arslan, G. (2023). The 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye) earthquake (Mw 7.7): implications for surface rupture dynamics along the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Journal of the Geological Society, 180(3), jgs2023-020. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2023- 020
26. Koçyiğit, A. (1984). Güneybatı Türkiye ve yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 27(1), 1-15.
27. Lawson, A. C. (1908). The California earthquake of April 18,1906. Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission: Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87, v. 1. https:// publicationsonline.carnegiescience.edu/publications_online/ earthquake_volume.pdf
28. Maden Tetik Arama (2023). Yerbilimleri harita görüntüleyici. Maden Tetik Arama ve Genel Müdürlüğü. http:// yerbilimleri.mta.gov.tr/anasayfa.aspx
29. Maden Tetik Arama (2003). 1/500.000 ölçekli jeoloji haritalari. Maden Tetik Arama ve Genel Müdürlüğü
30. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü (2023). Deprem ortofotolar. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü
31. Higgins, C. G. (1961). San Andreas Fault North of San Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü (2023, Şubat 20). Türkiye ve yakin çevresindeki son depremler. Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lst4.asp
32. Okay, A. I., Zattin, M., & Cavazza, W. (2010). Apatite fission-track data for the Miocene Arabia-Eurasia collision. Geology, 38(1), 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1130/G30234.1
33. McClusky, S. Balassanian, A. Barka, C. Demir, S. Ergintav, I. Georgiev, O. Gurkan, M. Hamburger, K. Hurst, H. Kahle, K. Kastens, G. Kekelidze, R. King, V. Kotzev, O. Lenk, S. Mahmoud, A. Mishin, M. Nadariya, A. Ouzounis, D. Paradissis, Y., & G. Veis (2000). Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal Of Geophysıcal Research, 105(B3), 5695– 5719, https://doi. org/10.1029/1999JB900351
34. McKenzie, D. P. (1972). Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region. Geophysical Journal International, 30, (2), 109–185, https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1972.tb02351.x
35. Nalbant, S. S., McCloskey, J., Steacy, S., & Barka, A. A. (2002). Stress accumulation and increased seismic risk in eastern Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 195(3-4), 291-298. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00592-1
36. Noble, L. F. (1927). San Andreas rift and some other active faults in the desert region of southern California. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, (17), 25-39.
37. Nowak, M. M., Dziób, K., Ludwisiak, Ł., & Chmiel, J. (2020). Mobile GIS applications for environmental field surveys: A state of the art. Global Ecology and Conservation, 23, (e01089) 1-11. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01089
38. Örgülü, G., Aktar, M., Türkelli, N., Sandvol, E., & Barazangi, M. (2003). Contribution to the seismotectonics of Eastern Turkey from moderate and small size events. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(24). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018258
39. Över, S., Özden, S., & Yilmaz, H. (2004). Late Cenozoic stress evolution along the Karasu Valley, SE Turkey. Tectonophysics, 380(1-2), 43- 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.11.011
40. Palutoğlu, M., & Şaşmaz, A. (2017). 29 Kasım 1795 Kahramanmaraş depremi, Güney Türkiye. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, (155), 191-206. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/publication/ detail/294780/29-kasim-1795-kahramanmaras-depremi-guneyturkiye
41. Patterson, R. H. (1979). Tectonic geomorphology and neotectonics of the Santa Cruz Island fault Santa Barbara County, California [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara].
42. Peltzer, G., Tapponier, P., Gaudemer, Y., Meyer, B., Guo, S., Yin, K., Chen, Z., & Dai H. (1988). Offsets of late Quaternary morphology, rate of slip, and recurrence of large earthquakes on the Chang Ma fault (Gansu, China). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 93(B7), 7793-7812. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093i- B07p07793
43. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Çakmak, R., Özener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., … & Karam, G. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for thedynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B05411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051
44. Rogers, T. H., & Nason, R. D. (1971). Active fault displacement on the Calaveras fault zone at Hollister, California. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, (61), 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1785/ BSSA0610020399
45. Şaroğlu, F., Emre, Ö., & Kuşçu, İ. (1992). Active fault map of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, Turkey, 2.
46. Steinbrugge, K. V., Zacher, E. G., Tocher, D., Whitten, C. A., & Claire, C. N. (1960). Creep on the San Andreas fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 50(3), 389-415.Sylvester, A. G. 1986. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0500030389
47. Sylvester, A. G. (1988). Strike-slip faults. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100(11), 1666-1703. https://doi.org/ 10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1666:SSF>2.3.CO;2
48. Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N., & Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In Kevin T. Biddle, Nicholas Christie-Blick (Eds.), Strike Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation, (pp. 227-264), Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.85.37.0211
49. Şengör, A.M.C., & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, p.181-241.
50. Taymaz, T., Eyidog̃an, H., & Jackson, J. (1991). Source parameters of large earthquakes in the East Anatolian Fault Zone (Turkey). Geophysical Journal International, 106(3), 537-550. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1991.tb06328.x
51. Vedder, J. G., & Wallace, R. E. (1970). Map showing recently active breaks along the San Andreas and related faults between Cholame Valley and Tejon Pass, California: U.S. Geological Survey Map 1-574, https://doi.org/10.3133/i574
52. Wallace, R. E. (1949). Structure of a portion of the San Andreas rift in southern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 60(4), 781-806. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1949)60[781:SOAPOT] 2.0.CO;2
53. Wallace, R. E. (1976). The Talas-Fergana fault, Kirghiz and Kazakh, U.S.S.R. Earthquake Information Bulletin, 8, p. 4-13.
54. Wells, D. L., & Coppersmith, K. J. (1994). New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bulletin of the seismological Society of America, 84(4), 974-1002. https://doi.org/10.1785/ BSSA0840040974
55. Willis, B. (1937). Geologic observations in the Philippines archipelago. National Research Council of the Philippines Bulletin, 13.
56. Yurtmen, S., Guillou, H., Westaway, R., Rowbotham, G., & Tatar, O. (2002). Rate of strike-slip motion on the Amanos Fault (Karasu Valley, southern Turkey) constrained by K–Ar dating and geochemical analysis of Quaternary basalts. Tectonophysics, 344(3-4), 207-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00265-7
57. Zhang, B., Liao, Y., Guo, S., Wallace, R. E., Bucknam, R. C., & Hanks, T. C. (1986). Fault scarps related to the 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the Yinchuan graben, Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu, China. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 76(5), 1253- 1287. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0760051253
58. Zhang, W., Jiao, D., Zhang, P., Molnar, P., Burchfiel, B.C., Deng, Q., Wang, Y., & Song, F. (1987). Displacement along the Haiuan fault associated with the great 1920 Haiyuan, China, earthquake. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, 77 (1), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0770010117