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Mekânsal sıkışmanın kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisini anlamak: Hanönü (Kastamonu) örneği

Year 2025, Issue: 88, 171 - 184, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1754136

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Hanönü’ndeki kadın istihdamını mekânsal sıkışma perspektifiyle incelemektedir. İş yaşamındaki kadın ve erkek arasındaki farklılıklara odaklanan mekânsal sıkışma, temelde, kadınların ev, aile, çocuk gibi geleneksel cinsiyet sorumluluklarından ötürü mekânsal olarak sınırlandırıldığını ve erkeklere göre evlerine daha yakın mesafelerde çalışmaya itildiklerini savunur. Buna bağlı olarak kadınlar, genellikle daha düşük koşullarda istihdamın bir parçası haline gelirler. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, kadın istihdamı ve istihdamın çeşitliliği açısından öne çıkan Hanönü ilçesinde işyeri sahibi ya da çalışan olarak faaliyet gösteren 12 kadınla yapılan görüşmelere dayanır. Ardışık örnekleme ile iletişim kurulan kadınların iş deneyimine bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla yaklaşılarak, kadınların mekânsal sıkışmayı aşma süreci ele alınmış ve bu aşmanın ikincil bir sıkışmayla sonuçlanıp sonuçlanmadığı tartışılmıştır. Buna göre Hanönü’nde kadınlar sosyal ve mekânsal aşinalığın avantajları, ekonomik kaynak sağlama ihtiyacı ve kadınların arasındaki teşvik ve dayanışma unsurları aracılığıyla mekânsal sıkışmayı aşarken; aynı anda yüklenilen ev ve iş sorumluluğu ile sınırlı ekonomik ve sosyal statü sonucunda ise mekânsal sıkışmanın yeni bir yüzüyle karşılaşmaktadırlar. Bir diğer deyişle kadınlar, ikincil bir mekânsal sıkışmayla aynı döngü içinde kalmaya devam etmektedirler. Bununla birlikte çalışma, mekânsal sıkışmanın farklı mekânsal ve toplumsal koşullardaki olumsallığını vurgulamakta ve tarihsel, kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik koşulların bir ürünü olarak kavranması gerektiğini dile getirmektedir.

References

  • Adisa, T.V., Abdulraheem, I., & Isiaka, S.B. (2019). Patriarchal hegemony: investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 34(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2018-0095
  • Blumen, O. (1994). Gender differences in the journey to work. Urban Geography, 15(3), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.15.3.223
  • Carlson, V. L., & Persky, J. J. (1999). Gender and suburban wages. Economic Geography, 75(3), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/144576
  • Chant, S. (2014). Exploring the “feminisation of poverty” in relation to women’s work and home-based enterprise in slums of the Global South. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 296 – 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2012-0035
  • Cresswell, J.W. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni (1. bs). (M. Bütün, S. B. Demir, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demir, S. (2018). Akademide kadın: Farklı disiplinlerden kadınların akademideki yeri ve aile yaşamlarıyla etkileşimi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 187-210. https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412643
  • Dobbs, L. (2007). Stuck in the slow lane: reconceptualizing the links between gender, transport and employment. Gender, Work & Organization, 14(2), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00334.x
  • Dyck, I. (1990). Space, time, and renegotiating motherhood: An exploration of the domestic workplace. Environment and Planning D - Society and Space, 8, 459-83. https://doi.org/10.1068/d080459.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Değişim sürecinde Türkiye. Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e sosyo-ekonomik bir değerlendirme (1. bs). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • England, K. V. L. (1993). Suburban pink-collar ghettos: The spatial entrapment of women? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83, 225-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01933.x
  • England, K. V. L. (1994). Reply to Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(3), 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01874.x
  • Gilbert, M. R. (1998). “Race,” space, and power: The survival strategies of working poor women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(4), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00114
  • Halimah, P., & Chotib. (2021). Spatial entrapment of women workers ın metropolitan areas. GEOMATE Journal, 20(80), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.80.GX268
  • Hanönü Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Odası. (2025). Hanönü kadın istihdam oranı ve sektörlere göre dağılımı.
  • Hanson, S., & Johnston, I. (1985). Gender differences in work-trip length: Explanations and implications. Urban Geography 6(3), 193-219. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.6.3.193
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1988). Spatial dimensions of the gender division of labor in a local labor market. Urban Geography, 9, 367-78. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.180
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1991). Job search and the occupational segregation of women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81(2), 229-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1994). On "Suburban pink-collar ghettos: The spatial entrapment of women?" by Kim England. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84, 500-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01873.x
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1995). Gender, work, and space (1nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Harris, R., & Bloomfield, A. V. (1997). The impact of industrial decentralization on the gendered journey to work, 1900-1940. Economic Geography, 73(1), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.2307/144412
  • Heath, J. A., Ciscel, D. H., & Sharp, D. C. (1998). The work of families: The provision of market and household labor and the role of public policy. Review of Social Economy, 56(4), 501-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346769800000047
  • Johnston-Anumonwo, I. (1995). Radical differences in the commuting behaviour of women in Buffalo, 1980-1990. Urban Geography, 16, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.16.1.23
  • Johnston-Anumonwo, I. (1997). Race, gender and constrained work trips in Buffalo, N.Y., 1990. Professional Geographer, 49, 306-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00079
  • Kwan, M.-P. (1998). Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical Analysis, 30, 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x
  • Kwan, M.-P. (1999). Gender, the home-work link, and space-time patterns of nonemployment activities. Economic Geography, 75(4), 370–394. https://doi.org/10.2307/144477
  • Madden, J. F. (1981). Why women work closer to home. Urban Studies, 18, 181 -94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988120080341
  • McDowell, L., Perrons, D., Fagan, C., Ray, K., & Ward, K. (2005). The contradictions and intersections of class and gender in a global city: placing working women’s lives on the research agenda. Environment & Planning A, 37(3), 441–61. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3781
  • McLafferty, S., & Preston, V. (1991). Gender, race, and the determinants of commuting: New York in 1990. Urban Geography, 18, 192-212. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.192
  • Miller, E. V. (2018). Gender differences in intercity commuting patterns in the Fox River Valley, Illinois, 1912-1936. Journal of Historical Geography, 60, 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.02.015
  • Neuman, W.L. (2020a). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri. Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar 2. Cilt (8. bs). (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Neuman, W.L. (2020b). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri. Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar 1. Cilt (8. bs). (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Özcan Altan, M. (2025). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamının toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifiyle değerlendirilmesi. Kadın/Woman 2000, 26(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v26i1.514
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’nin 200 yıllık iktisadi tarihi (7. bs). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Rapino, M., & Cooke, T. (2011). Commuting, gender roles, and entrapment: a national study utilizing spatial fixed effects and control groups. The Professional Geographer, 63(2), 277–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2010.547790
  • Rapino, M.A. (2008). Gender roles and spatial entrapment. (Publication No. 3323504) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • Singell, L. D., & Lillydahl, J. H. (1986). An empirical analysis of the commute to work patterns of males and females in two-earner households. Urban Studies, 2, 119-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988620080111
  • Sirianni, C., & Negrey, C. (2000). Working time as gendered time. Feminist Economics, 6, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/135457000337679
  • Tiryaki Yenilmez, D. (2023). Türkiye’de kadınların kayıt dışı istihdamı üzerine kısa bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.57114/jswrpub.1311612
  • TÜİK. (2022). Türkiye aile yapısı araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2021-45813
  • TÜİK. (2024). İşgücü istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2023-53521
  • TÜİK. (2025a). İşgücü istatistikleri (2014 ve sonrası). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=72&locale=tr
  • TÜİK. (2025b). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2024). Happiness of working women and homemakers in Türkiye: The role of social norms and ıssues in the work and home domains. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (70), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2024-11489957. Villeneuve, P., & Rose, D. (1988). Gender and the separation of employment from home in metropolitan Montreal, 1971-1981. Urban Geography 9, 155-79. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.155
  • Wheatley, D. (2013). Location, vocation, location? Spatial entrapment among women in dual career households. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(6), 720-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12005
  • Wyly, E. K. (1996). Race, gender, and spatial segmentation in the Twin Cities. Professional Geographer 48, 431-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00431.x
  • Wyly, E. K. (1998). Containment and mismatch: Gender differences in commuting in metropolitan labor markets. Urban Geography, 19(5), 395-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.5.395
  • Wyly, E. K. (1999). Local labor markets and occupational sex segregation in an American metropolis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 21, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2166.00001
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (6. bs). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldız, T. (2013). Hanönü ilçe analizi. T.C. Kuzey Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı. https://www.kuzka.gov.tr/Icerik/Dosya/www.kuzka.gov.tr_16_TW2T36HP_hanonu_ilce_analizi.pdf

Understanding the impact of spatial entrapment on women's employment: The case of Hanönü (Kastamonu)

Year 2025, Issue: 88, 171 - 184, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1754136

Abstract

This study examines female employment in Hanönü from the perspective of spatial entrapment. Focusing on the differences between women and men in the working life, spatial entrapment essentially argues that women are spatially constrained due to traditional gender responsibilities such as home, family, and children, and are forced to work closer to home than men. As a result, women often become part of employment under poorer conditions. In this regard, the study is based on interviews with 12 women who are business owners or employees in the district of Hanönü, which stands out in terms of female employment and diversity in employment. By approaching the work experience of the women contacted through sequential sampling with a holistic perspective, the process of overcoming spatial entrapment was examined, and it was discussed whether this overcoming resulted in a secondary entrapment. Accordingly, women in Hanönü overcome spatial entrapment through the advantages of social and spatial familiarity, the need to secure economic resources, and elements of encouragement and solidarity among women; however, at the same time, they encounter a new face of spatial constraints as a result of the limited economic and social status that comes with the burden of household and work responsibilities. In other words, women continue to remain in the same cycle of secondary spatial entrapment. However, the study emphasizes the positivity of spatial entrapment in different spatial and social conditions and argues that should be understood as a product of historical, cultural, social, and economic conditions.

References

  • Adisa, T.V., Abdulraheem, I., & Isiaka, S.B. (2019). Patriarchal hegemony: investigating the impact of patriarchy on women’s work-life balance. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 34(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2018-0095
  • Blumen, O. (1994). Gender differences in the journey to work. Urban Geography, 15(3), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.15.3.223
  • Carlson, V. L., & Persky, J. J. (1999). Gender and suburban wages. Economic Geography, 75(3), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/144576
  • Chant, S. (2014). Exploring the “feminisation of poverty” in relation to women’s work and home-based enterprise in slums of the Global South. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 296 – 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-09-2012-0035
  • Cresswell, J.W. (2013). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni (1. bs). (M. Bütün, S. B. Demir, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Demir, S. (2018). Akademide kadın: Farklı disiplinlerden kadınların akademideki yeri ve aile yaşamlarıyla etkileşimi. Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 187-210. https://doi.org/10.14782/marusbd.412643
  • Dobbs, L. (2007). Stuck in the slow lane: reconceptualizing the links between gender, transport and employment. Gender, Work & Organization, 14(2), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00334.x
  • Dyck, I. (1990). Space, time, and renegotiating motherhood: An exploration of the domestic workplace. Environment and Planning D - Society and Space, 8, 459-83. https://doi.org/10.1068/d080459.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2018). Değişim sürecinde Türkiye. Osmanlı'dan Cumhuriyet'e sosyo-ekonomik bir değerlendirme (1. bs). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • England, K. V. L. (1993). Suburban pink-collar ghettos: The spatial entrapment of women? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83, 225-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01933.x
  • England, K. V. L. (1994). Reply to Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(3), 502–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01874.x
  • Gilbert, M. R. (1998). “Race,” space, and power: The survival strategies of working poor women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 88(4), 595–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00114
  • Halimah, P., & Chotib. (2021). Spatial entrapment of women workers ın metropolitan areas. GEOMATE Journal, 20(80), 98–104. https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.80.GX268
  • Hanönü Esnaf ve Sanatkârlar Odası. (2025). Hanönü kadın istihdam oranı ve sektörlere göre dağılımı.
  • Hanson, S., & Johnston, I. (1985). Gender differences in work-trip length: Explanations and implications. Urban Geography 6(3), 193-219. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.6.3.193
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1988). Spatial dimensions of the gender division of labor in a local labor market. Urban Geography, 9, 367-78. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.180
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1991). Job search and the occupational segregation of women. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81(2), 229-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1994). On "Suburban pink-collar ghettos: The spatial entrapment of women?" by Kim England. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84, 500-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1994.tb01873.x
  • Hanson, S., & Pratt, G. (1995). Gender, work, and space (1nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Harris, R., & Bloomfield, A. V. (1997). The impact of industrial decentralization on the gendered journey to work, 1900-1940. Economic Geography, 73(1), 94–117. https://doi.org/10.2307/144412
  • Heath, J. A., Ciscel, D. H., & Sharp, D. C. (1998). The work of families: The provision of market and household labor and the role of public policy. Review of Social Economy, 56(4), 501-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346769800000047
  • Johnston-Anumonwo, I. (1995). Radical differences in the commuting behaviour of women in Buffalo, 1980-1990. Urban Geography, 16, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.16.1.23
  • Johnston-Anumonwo, I. (1997). Race, gender and constrained work trips in Buffalo, N.Y., 1990. Professional Geographer, 49, 306-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00079
  • Kwan, M.-P. (1998). Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical Analysis, 30, 191-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x
  • Kwan, M.-P. (1999). Gender, the home-work link, and space-time patterns of nonemployment activities. Economic Geography, 75(4), 370–394. https://doi.org/10.2307/144477
  • Madden, J. F. (1981). Why women work closer to home. Urban Studies, 18, 181 -94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988120080341
  • McDowell, L., Perrons, D., Fagan, C., Ray, K., & Ward, K. (2005). The contradictions and intersections of class and gender in a global city: placing working women’s lives on the research agenda. Environment & Planning A, 37(3), 441–61. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3781
  • McLafferty, S., & Preston, V. (1991). Gender, race, and the determinants of commuting: New York in 1990. Urban Geography, 18, 192-212. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.18.3.192
  • Miller, E. V. (2018). Gender differences in intercity commuting patterns in the Fox River Valley, Illinois, 1912-1936. Journal of Historical Geography, 60, 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.02.015
  • Neuman, W.L. (2020a). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri. Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar 2. Cilt (8. bs). (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Neuman, W.L. (2020b). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri. Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar 1. Cilt (8. bs). (Ö. Akkaya, Çev.). Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Özcan Altan, M. (2025). Türkiye’de kadın istihdamının toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifiyle değerlendirilmesi. Kadın/Woman 2000, 26(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.33831/jws.v26i1.514
  • Pamuk, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’nin 200 yıllık iktisadi tarihi (7. bs). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Rapino, M., & Cooke, T. (2011). Commuting, gender roles, and entrapment: a national study utilizing spatial fixed effects and control groups. The Professional Geographer, 63(2), 277–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2010.547790
  • Rapino, M.A. (2008). Gender roles and spatial entrapment. (Publication No. 3323504) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
  • Singell, L. D., & Lillydahl, J. H. (1986). An empirical analysis of the commute to work patterns of males and females in two-earner households. Urban Studies, 2, 119-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420988620080111
  • Sirianni, C., & Negrey, C. (2000). Working time as gendered time. Feminist Economics, 6, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/135457000337679
  • Tiryaki Yenilmez, D. (2023). Türkiye’de kadınların kayıt dışı istihdamı üzerine kısa bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.57114/jswrpub.1311612
  • TÜİK. (2022). Türkiye aile yapısı araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Turkiye-Aile-Yapisi-Arastirmasi-2021-45813
  • TÜİK. (2024). İşgücü istatistikleri, 2023. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2023-53521
  • TÜİK. (2025a). İşgücü istatistikleri (2014 ve sonrası). https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=72&locale=tr
  • TÜİK. (2025b). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr
  • Uğur, Z. B. (2024). Happiness of working women and homemakers in Türkiye: The role of social norms and ıssues in the work and home domains. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, (70), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2024-11489957. Villeneuve, P., & Rose, D. (1988). Gender and the separation of employment from home in metropolitan Montreal, 1971-1981. Urban Geography 9, 155-79. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.2.155
  • Wheatley, D. (2013). Location, vocation, location? Spatial entrapment among women in dual career households. Gender, Work and Organization, 20(6), 720-736. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12005
  • Wyly, E. K. (1996). Race, gender, and spatial segmentation in the Twin Cities. Professional Geographer 48, 431-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00431.x
  • Wyly, E. K. (1998). Containment and mismatch: Gender differences in commuting in metropolitan labor markets. Urban Geography, 19(5), 395-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.5.395
  • Wyly, E. K. (1999). Local labor markets and occupational sex segregation in an American metropolis. Journal of Urban Affairs, 21, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2166.00001
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (6. bs). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yıldız, T. (2013). Hanönü ilçe analizi. T.C. Kuzey Anadolu Kalkınma Ajansı. https://www.kuzka.gov.tr/Icerik/Dosya/www.kuzka.gov.tr_16_TW2T36HP_hanonu_ilce_analizi.pdf
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Rural and Regional Geography
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Suat Yazan 0000-0003-1398-3918

Zühal Diler 0000-0002-0028-3085

Submission Date July 30, 2025
Acceptance Date November 29, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 88

Cite

APA Yazan, S., & Diler, Z. (2025). Mekânsal sıkışmanın kadın istihdamı üzerindeki etkisini anlamak: Hanönü (Kastamonu) örneği. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi(88), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1754136

Publisher: Türk Coğrafya Kurumu / Turkish Geographical Society