The Association of Parents Feeding Practices and Eating Behaviors of Children Between 2 to 6 Ages in Türkiye

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the feeding practices of parents of preschool children and the eating behaviors of children. Material and Methods: The parents who had 2 to 6 years of age children without chronic disease and had completed the transition to supplementary foods were included (n=315). Family demographic, socioeconomic information and children’s anthropometric measurements were recorded. The parents completed the “Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ)”, and “Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ)”. Results: The mean age of the children participating were 46±14.63 months and 46.7% (147/315) of the children were girls. As parents’ perceived responsibility for feeding increased, the children’s food responsiveness tended to decrease. In parents who had concerns about their child’s weight, their children’s eating behavior was associated with higher food responsiveness and enjoyment of food and lower satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, and emotional undereating. Conclusion: Parents’ healthy eating attitudes can be part of a process that encourages children to model healthy eating behaviors. ‘Satiety responsiveness’, ‘slowness in eating’, and ‘emotional under-eating behaviors were observed more frequently with the attitude of restriction and pressure for eating.

Keywords

• children
• eating behavior
• feeding
• parents

Türkiye’de 2-6 Yaş Arası Çocukların Yeme Davranışları ile Ebeveynlerinin Beslenme Uygulamalarının İlişkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların ebeveynlerinin beslenme uygulamaları ile çocukların yeme davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesi. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 2-6 yaş arası kronik hastalığı olmayan ve ek gıdaya geçişi tamamlamış çocukları olan ebeveynler dahil edildi (n=315). Ailenin demografik, sosyoekonomik bilgileri ve çocukların antropometrik ölçümleri kaydedildi. Ebeveynler tarafından “Çocuk Besleme Anketi (CFQ)” ve “Çocukların Yeme Davranışı Anketi (CEBQ)” dolduruldu. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan çocukların yaş ortalaması 46±14.63 ay olup, çocukların %46.7’si (147/315) kız cinsiyettir. Ebeveynlerin beslenme konusundaki algılanan sorumluluğu arttıkça, çocukların gıdaya duyarlılığı azalma eğilimindeydi. Çocuklarının kilosu hakkında endişeleri olan ebeveynlerde, çocuklarının yeme davranışı, daha yüksek gıda duyarlılığı ve yemekten zevk alma ve daha düşük tokluk duyarlılığı, yemede yavaşlık ve duygusal yetersiz beslenme ile ilişkiliydi. Sonuç: Ebeveynlerin sağlıklı beslenme tutumları; çocukların sağlıklı beslenme davranışlarını modellemesini teşvik eden bir sürecin parçası olabilir. Yeme konusunda kısıtlama ve baskı tutumuyla birlikte ‘doymaya duyarlılık’, ‘yemede yavaşlama’ ve ‘duygusal yetersiz yeme’ davranışları daha sık gözlendi.

Keywords

• çocuk
• yeme davranışı
• beslenme
• ebeveyn

References

1. Clark HR, Goyder E, Bissell P, Blank L, Peters J. How do parents’ child-feeding behaviours influence child weight? Implications for childhood obesity policy. J Public Health (Bangkok) 2007; 29:132–41.
2. Haines J, Haycraft E, Lytle L, Nizklauz S, Kok FJ, Merdji M, et al. Nurturing Children’s Healthy Eating: Position statement. Appetite 2019;137:124-33.
3. Vandeweghe L, Moens E, Braet C, Lippevelde WV, Vervoot L, Verbeken S. Perceived effective and feasible strategies to promote healthy eating in young children: Focus groups with parents, family child care providers and daycare assistants. BMC Public Health 2016; 16; 1045.
4. Michelle A, Alina M. Early Feeding, Child Behaviour and Parenting as Correlates of Problem Eating. J Child Fam Stud 2017 26:3167–78.
5. Savage JS, Fisher JO, Birch LL. Parental Influence on Eating Behavior: Conception to Adolescence. J Law Med Ethics 2007;35:22–34.
6. Galloway AT, Fiorito LM, Francis LA, Birch LL.“Finish your soup”: Counterproductive effects of pressuring children to eat on intake and affect. Appetite 2006;46:318–23.
7. Camci N, Bas M, Buyukkaragoz AH. The psychometric properties of the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) in Türkiye. Appetite 2014;78:49–54.
8. Demir D, Bektas M. The effect of childrens’ eating behaviors and parental feeding style on childhood obesity. Eat Behav 2017;36;137-42.

9. Yavuz HM, Selcuk B. Predictors of obesity and overweight in preschoolers: The role of parenting styles and feeding practices. Appetite 2018;120;491-9.
10. Birch LL, Fisher JO, Grimm-Thomas K, Markey CN, Sawyer R, Johnson SL et al. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Child Feeding Questionnaire: A measure of parental attitudes, beliefs and practices about child feeding and obesity proneness. Appetite 2001;36:201–10.
11. Wardle J, Guthrie CA, Sanderson S, Rapoport L. Development of the Children’ s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire Development of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2001; 42 :963–70.
12. Yilmaz R, Esmeray H, Erkorkmaz U. Adaptation study of the Turkish Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry. 2011;12:287-94.
13. Centers for Disease Contro and Pervetion/Growth charts (Internet). Accessed on 15 June 2021. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/index.htm.
14. Türkiye İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (Internet). Accessed on 15 June 2021.Available at:http://www.turkis.org.tr/HAZIRAN-2019-ACLIK-ve-YOKSULLUK-SINIRI-d249748
15. Baughcum AE, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Maternal perceptions of overweight preschool children. Pediatrics 2000;106:1380–6.
16. Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes V. Maternal perceptions of children’s weight status. Child Care Health Dev 2013;39:728-36.
17. Orrell-Valente JK, Hill LG, Brechwald WA, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE. “Just three more bites”: An observational analysis of parents’ socialization of children’s eating at mealtime. Appetite 2007;48:37–45.
18. Jansen PW, de Barse LM, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Franco OH, Tiemeier H. Bi-directional associations between child fussy eating and parents’ pressure to eat: Who influences whom? Physiol Behav 2017;176:101-6.
19. Ek A, Sorjonen K, Eli K, Lindberg L, Nyman J, Marcus C, Nowicka P. Associations between parental concerns about preschoolers’ weight and eating and parental feeding practices: Results from analyses of the child eating behavior questionnaire, the child feeding questionnaire, and the lifestyle behavior checklist. PLoS One 2016;11:e0147257.
20. Canals-Sans J, Blanco-Gómez A, Luque V, Ferre N, Ferando PJ, Llaurdo MG, et al. Validation of the Child Feeding Questionnaire in Spanish Parents of Schoolchildren. J Nutr Educ Behav 2016;48:383-391.e1.
21. Njardvik U, Klar EK, Thorsdottir F. The factor structure of the Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire: A comparison of four models using confirmatory factor analysis. Heal Sci Reports 2018;1:e28.
22. Swyden K, Sisson SB, Morris AS, Lora K, Weedn AE, Copeland KA, et al. Association Between Maternal Stress, Work Status, Concern About Child Weight, and Restrictive Feeding Practices in Preschool Children. Matern Child Health J 2017;21:1349–57.
23. Perez M, Ohrt TK, Bruening AB, Taylor AB, Liew J, Kroon AMW, et al. Measurement equivalence of child feeding and eating measures across gender, ethnicity, and household food security. BMC Obes 2018;17:1-13.
24. Jansen PW, Roza SJ, Jaddoe VW, Mackenbach JD, Raah H, Hofman A, et al. Children’s eating behavior, feeding practices of parents and weight problems in early childhood: Results from the population-based Generation R Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012;9:130.
25. Dalrymple KV, Flynn AC, Seed PT, Briley A, O’Keeffe M, Godfrey KM, et al. Associations between dietary patterns, eating behaviours, and body composition and adiposity in 3-year-old children of mothers with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2020;15:e12608.
26. Cardel M, Willig AL, Dulin-Keita A, Casazza K, Beasley TM, Fernandez JR. Parental feeding practices and socioeconomic status are associated with child adiposity in a multi-ethnic sample of children. Appetite 2012; 58: 347–53.