Katılma Nöbetlerinin Etiyolojisinde Yumuşak Damak Evrelemesinin ve Palatonsiller Hipertrofinin Önemi

Abstract

Amaç: Katılma nöbeti çocukluk yaş grubunda görülen epileptik olmayan paroksismal bir olaydır. Patofizyolojisi tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Hipoksi neden ya da sonuç olsa da hipoksinin çocukta yaptığı hasar önemlidir ve maruziyeti azaltılmalıdır. Bizim çalışmamız katılma nöbeti olan çocuklarda palatintonsil hipertrofisinin ve yumuşak doku evrelemesinin katılma nöbeti üzerine etkisini ve ilişkisini göstermeyi amaçlayan ilk çalışmadır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: 2012-2016 yılları arasında en az bir senedir takipli demir eksikliği anemisi olmayan ve sık enfeksiyon geçirmeyen 8-56 ay arasında toplam 90 çocuk (katılma nöbeti olan/kontrol: 45/45) retrospektif olarak tarandı ve çalışmaya dahil edildi. Katılma nöbeti tanısı hikaye ve klinik gözlemlerinden ve videolardan konuldu. Katılma nöbeti olan hastaların yaşa ve cinsiyete göre atak süreleri, atak tipleri palatotonsil ve yumuşak damak evreleri kendi arasında ve kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Hastaların ortalama yaşları 28.9±12.9 (8-56) aydı. Katılma nöbeti olan çocukların palatotonsil evre 1-2 (toplam %81.8) iken yumuşak damak evrelemeleri evre 2-3 (%78.9)’di ve kontrol grubu ile anlamlı farklılık vardı (p: 0.000). Siyanotik tipte katılma nöbeti olan çocuklarda tonsil büyüklüğü evre 2-3’di ve tonsil büyüklüğü ile katılma nöbeti sıklığı arasında pozitif korelasyon vardı (r: 0.315, p: 0.032). Katılma nöbeti süresi ortalama 3.5±1.3 dakikaydı. Palatotonsil büyüklüğü ve yumuşak damak evrelemesi ile atak süresi arasında da sırasıyla pozitif korelasyon mevcuttu (r: 0.459, p: 0.000; r: 0.734, p: 0,000).

Sonuç: Biz bu çalışmada; demir eksikliği anemisi olmayan ve sık enfeksiyon geçirmeyen katılma nöbeti olan çocuklarda kontrol grubuna oranla palatotonsil hipertrofinin belirgin olduğunu, ancak yumuşak damağın daha ileri evrelerde olduğunu gösterdik. Sonuç olarak katılma nöbeti etyolojisinde ve nöbet süresinin uzamasında bu hastalarda ileri evre yumuşak damak hipertrofisi olması riski 1.5 kat artırır ve erken müdahele ile akip gerektirir.

Keywords

• katılma nöbeti süresi
• palatotonsil hipertrofisi evrelemesi
• yumuşak damak evrelemesi

The Importance of Palatitonsillar Hypertrophy and Soft Palate Staging in Etiology of Breathe Holding Spells

Abstract

Objective: Breath-holding spells (BHS) are common paroxysmal events in earlychildhood with unknown pathophysiology. Hypoxia can be the cause or result of BHS and the damage caused by hypoxia is of paramount importance. Therefore, exposure to hypoxia should be minimized in children with BHS. The present study, for the first time in the literature, investigated the staging of palatinetonsil and soft palate hypertrophy in children with BHS and their relationship with BHS.

Material and Methods: The retrospective study included 45 children with BHS with no iron deficiency and no complaints of frequent infections and had been followed up for a minimum of one year over between 2012 and 2016. A control group of 45 age-matched subjects. BHS was diagnosed based on patient history, clinical observations, and video records. Duration of spell, spell type, and the staging of palatinetonsil and soft palate hypertrophy were compared among the patients and with the control subjects in terms of age groups and genders.

Results: Mean age was 28.9±12.9 (range, 8-56) months in the BHS group. In the same group, the patients had stage 1-2 palatinetonsil hypertrophy (total 81.8%) and stage 2-3 soft palate hypertrophy (78.9%) and a significant difference was found between the BHS and control groups (p=0.000). In patients with cyanotic BHS, tonsillar hypertrophy was grade 2-3 and a positive correlation was found between cyanotic BHS and tonsillar hypertrophy (r: 0.315, p=0.032). Mean duration of spell was 3.5±1.3 minand tonsillar hypertrophy established a stronger correlation with spell duration and soft palatinetonsil hypertrophy (r: 0.459, p=0.000;r: 0.734, p=0.000, respectively).

Conclusion: The results indicated that the BHS patients with no iron deficiency and no complaints of frequent infections had greater palatinetonsil hypertrophy and a higher stage of soft palate hypertrophy compared to control subjects. We suggest that the presence of a high-stage soft palate hypertrophy increases the risk of developing BHS and the duration of spell by 1.5 times and thus requires early intervention and clinical follow-up.

Keywords

• Breath-holding spell duration
• Palatinetonsil hypertrophy
• Soft-palate stage

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