Childhood Vaccines and Covid-19 Infection

Abstract

Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVİD-19) started in Wuhan/ China in December 2019 and turned into a global public health crisis in a short time and was accepted as a pandemic in March 2020. It can cause serious and fatal consequences, especially by involving the lungs. All over the world, ıt has been observed that children are less and mildly affected by this disease. Until an effective treatment or a special vaccine against COVID-19 was found, several clues were sought from this good prognosis of children. And various studies have been carried out by putting forward the hypothesis that childhood vaccines may have a protective effect. This is explained by the ‘trained immune response’ mechanism obtained from previous pandemics or the ‘cross protection’ shown in previous endemic diseases. But there are also opposing views that it is not effective. In this article, we will discuss the effects of alive vaccines MMR vaccines and BCG vaccines and inactive vaccines, influenza, hepatitis A and whooping cough vaccines, which are also included in the vaccination program of our country, on the development of immune response against COVID-19 and a direction for possible new pandemics in the future. The literature has been reviewed to be illustrative for this issue.The findings of the articles on this subject,all published in 2020, are summarized.

Keywords

• Vaccine
• BCG vaccine
• Childhood vaccines
• HAV vaccine
• İnfluenza vaccine
• MMR vaccine

Çocukluk Çağı Aşıları ve Covid-19 Enfeksiyonu

Abstract

Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVİD-19) started in Wuhan/ China in December 2019 and turned into a global public health crisis in a short time and was accepted as a pandemic in March 2020. It can cause serious and fatal consequences, especially by involving the lungs. All over the world, ıt has been observed that children are less and mildly affected by this disease. Until an effective treatment or a special vaccine against COVID-19 was found, several clues were sought from this good prognosis of children. And various studies have been carried out by putting forward the hypothesis that childhood vaccines may have a protective effect. This is explained by the ‘trained immune response’ mechanism obtained from previous pandemics or the ‘cross protection’ shown in previous endemic diseases. But there are also opposing views that it is not effective. In this article, we will discuss the effects of alive vaccines MMR vaccines and BCG vaccines and inactive vaccines, influenza, hepatitis A and whooping cough vaccines, which are also included in the vaccination program of our country, on the development of immune response against COVID-19 and a direction for possible new pandemics in the future. The literature has been reviewed to be illustrative for this issue.The findings of the articles on this subject,all published in 2020, are summarized.

Keywords

• aşı
• BCG aşısı
• çocukluk çağı aşıları
• HAV aşısı
• influenza aşısı
• KKK aşısı

References

1. 1. World Health Oragnization. Coranovirüs disease 2019 (COVİD-19) stiuation report-51. 11 March 2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331475
2. 2. World Health Oragnization. COVİD-19 Weekly epidemiological Update. 24 November 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---24-november-2020
3. 3.Carsetti R, Quintarelli C, Quinti I, Mortari EP, Zumla A, Ippolito G Locatelli F. The immune system of children: the key to understanding SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility? Lancet Child Adolescent Health. (2020) 4:414–6.
4. 4. Singh T, Hesto SM, Langel SN, Blasi M, Hurst JH, Fouda GG, et al. Lessons from COVID-19 in children: key hypotheses to guide preventative and therapeutic strategies. Clin Infect Dis. (2020) ciaa547; 71(8):2006-2013.
5. 5. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatrica. (2020); 109:1088–95.
6. 6.Carozzi F, Provenzano S, Roth S. Urban density and COVID-19, discussion paper series, IZA Institure of Labor economics, (2020) IZA DP No. 13440
7. 7.Gold JE, Tilley LP, Baumgarts WH. MMR vaccine appears to coner strong protection from COVİD-19: Few deaths from SARS-COV-2 in highly vaccinated populations.Researchgate,2020 may29. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32128.25607
8. 8.Aaby P, Benn CS.Developing the concept of benefical non-spesific effects of live vaccines with epidemiological studies.Clin Microbiol İnfect.2019. 25:1459-1467.

9. 9.Moorlag S, Arts RJW, Van Crevel R, Netea MG.2019. Non spesific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections. Clin Microbiaol İnfect.25:1473-1478.
10. 10. Aaby P, Benn CS, Flanagan KL, Klein SL, Kollmann TR, Lynn DJ, et al. The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol. (2020) 20:464–70.
11. 11.Aaby, P; Andersen, M; Sodemann, M; Jakobsen, M; Gomes, J; Fernandes, M Reduced childhood mortality after standard measles vaccination at 4-8 months compared with 9-11 months of age".BMJ. 1993; 307 (6915): 1308–11.
12. 12. Higgins JPT, Soares-Weiser K, Reingold A. Systematic review of the non-specific effects of BCG, DTP and measles containing vaccines. 13 March 2014 WHO.https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/3_NSE_Epidemiology_review_Report_to_SAGE_14_Mar_FINAL.pdf
13. 13. Shann F. The non-specific effects of vaccines. Arch Dis Childhood. (2010) 95:662–7. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-310282
14. 14. Young A, Neumann B, Mendez RF. Homologous protein domains in SARS-COV-2 and measles,mumps and rubella viruses: preliminary evidence that MMR vaccine might provide protection against COVİD-19. DOİ: 10.1101/2020.04.10.20053207
15. 15. Fidel PL, Noverr MC. Could an unrealted Live attenuated vaccine serve as a preventive measure to dampen septic inflmation associated with COVİD-19 Infection?.mBio.2000:11
16. 16. Sohrabi Y,Santos JCD, Dorenkamp M, Findeisen H, Godfrey R, Netea MG and et al. Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVİD-19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine: mechanisms, challanges and perspectives. Clinical & tranlational Immunology 2020; 9(12):e1228.
17. 17. Kleinnijenhuis J, Quintin J, Preijers F, et al. Bacille Calmette-Guerrin induces NOD2-dependent non-spesific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes. Proc.Natl. Acad.Sci.USA 109,17537-17542.
18. 18.Netea MG, Quintin J and van der Meer JW. Trained immunity:a memory for innate host defense. Cell Host Microbe 2011;9:355-361.
19. 19.Arts R JW, Carvalho A, La Rocca C, Palma C, Rodrigues F,Silvestre R. Immunometabolic pathways in BCG-induced trained immunity. 2016. Cell Reports 17,2562-2571.
20. 20.Mina MJ. Measles, immune suppression and vaccination: direct and indirect nonspecific vaccine benefits. J.İnfect Disease.2017.74 Suppl 1:S10-S17.
21. 21.Biering-Sorensan S, Aaby P, Lund N.Early BCG-Denmark and neonatal mortality among infants weighing <2500 g:a randomised controlled trial. Clin Inf Dis 65:1183-1190.
22. 22. Welsh RM, Lisia KS, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E. Immunological memory to viral infections. Annu.Rev.Immunol.2004.22:711-43
23. 23. Ismail MB, Omari S, Rafei R, Dabboussi F,Hamze M. Covid-19 in children:Could pertusis vaccine play the protective role? .Medical Hypotheses.14145:110305.
24. 24.Gursel M, Gursel I. Is global BCG vaccination-induced trained immunity relevant to the progression of SARSCoV-2 pandemic? Allergy 2020; 75: 1815–1819.
25. 25. Escobar LE, Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C. BCG vaccine protection from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020; 117: 17720–17726.
26. 26. Pereira M, Paixao E, Trajman A, Souza RA, Natividade MS, Pescraini JM and et al. The need for fast-track, high-quality and low-cost studies about the role of the BCG vaccine in the fight against COVID-19. Respir Res 2020; 21: 178
27. 27. Ventura L, Vitali M, Romano Spica V. BCG vaccination and socioeconomic variables vs COVID-19 global features: clearing up a controversial issue. Allergy 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14524. Online ahead of print.
28. 28. Ozdemir C, Kucuksezer UC, Tamay ZU. Is BCG vaccination effecting the spread and severity of COVID-19? Allergy 2020; 75: 1824–1827.
29. 29. Weng CH, Saal A, Butt WW, Bica N, Fisher JQ, Tao J et al. Bacillus CalmetteGuerin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148: e140.
30. 30. Moorlag SJCFM, van Deuren RC, van Werkhoven CH , Jaeger M, Debisarun P, Taks Esther et al. Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1: 100073.
31. 31. Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Fasciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y,Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced mortality for COVID-19. MedRvix. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937
32. 32. Escobar LE, Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C. BCG vaccine-induced protection from COVID-19 infection, wishful thinking or a game changer?.medRxiv. 2020 May 12;2020.05.05.20091975. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.05.20091975.
33. 33. Shet A,Ray D, Malavige N. Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries. MedRvix.doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478
34. 34. Kinoshita M, Tanaka M. Impact of routine infant BCG vaccination in young generation on prevention of local COVID-19 spread in Japan. J Infect 2020; 81: 625– 633
35. 35.Sohrabi Y, Santos JCD,Dorenkamp M and et al. Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVİD-19 with a focus on bacillus-calmette-guerin vaccine:mechanisms,challanges and perspectives.Clinical &translational Immunology.2020.9(12):e1228.
36. 36. O’Neil LA, Netea MG.BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVİD-19?. Nat Rev Immunol.2020:1-3.
37. 37. Mehta P,McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ et al. COVİD-19:consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression.Lancet.2020;395:1033-1034
38. 38. Hamiel U, Kozer E, Youngster I. SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults. JAMA 2020; 323: 2340–2341
39. 39. Parades CF, Ghandhnoosh N, Latif Hassan. Decarceration and community reentry in the COVİD-19 era. Lancet 2021.volume 21.E11-16.
40. 40. Hensel J , McAndrews KM, McGrail DJ. Protection against SARS-CoV-2 by BCG vaccination is not supported by epidemiological analyses. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 27;10(1):18377
41. 41. Allam MF, Amin GE. BCG vaccine does not protect against COVİD-19. The open respiratory medicine journal. 2020;14: 45–46.
42. 42. Asahara M. The effect of BCG vaccination on COVİD-19 examined by a statistical approach: no positive results from the Diamonnd Princess and cross national differences previously reported by worldwide comparisions are flawed in several ways.medRxiv.2020.DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.17.20068601
43. 43. Anand Anbarasu, Sudha Ramaiah & Paul Livingstone. Vaccine repurposing approach for preventing COVID 19: can MMR vaccines reduce morbidity and mortality?. Hum Vaccin Immonther.2020:1;16(9):2217-2218
44. 44. Islam N, Khunti K, Majeed A.COVID-19, seasonal influenza and measles: potential triple burden and the role of flu and MMR vaccines. J R Soc Med. 2020 Dec;113(12):485-486.
45. 45. Sidiq KR, Sabir DK, Ali SM. Does Early Childhood Vaccination Protect Against COVID-19?. Front Mol Biosci. 2020 Jun 5;7:120.
46. 46. Gold JE, Baumgartl WH, Okyay RA. Analysis of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) titers of recovered COVİD-19 patients.mBio.2020. DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02628-20
47. 47.Larenas-Linnemann DE, Rodrigues-Monroy.Thirty‐six COVID‐19 cases preventively vaccinated with mumps‐measles‐rubella vaccine: All mild course.Allergy.2020.DOI: 10.1111/all.14584
48. 48.(https://www.globenewswire.com/newsrelease/2020/05/01/2026166/0/en/MMR-Vaccine-May-Reduce-COVID-19-Hospitalization-Rate-According-to-World-Organization.html)
49. 49.Sanjay Deshpande Sarath Balaji . MMR Vaccine and Covid-19: A Myth or a Low Risk-High Reward Preventive Measure?.indian pediatr. 2020 Aug 15;57(8):773.
50. 50.Özdemir Ö.Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and COVID-19 Relationship.mBio. 2020;11(5):e01832-20.
51. 51. WHO SAGE Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Recommendations during the COVİD-19 Pandemic-Interim guidence.21 september 2020.
52. 52. Yue H, Zhang M, Xing L,et al.The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-COV-2 and influenza viruses in patients durin COVİD-19 out break. J Med Virology.2020;92:2870-2873.
53. 53. Thindwa D, Queseda MG, Liu Yang.Use of seasonal influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in older aduts to reduce COVİD-19 mortality. Vaccine 2020;38(34):5398-5401
54. 54.Ragni P, Marino M, Formisano D.Association between exposure to influenza vaccination and COVİD-19 diagnosis and outcomes.Vaccines.2020;8(4):675.
55. 55. Amato M, W erba JP, Frigerio B and et al. Relationship between influenza vaccination coverage rate and COVİD-19 Outbreak:An Italian ecological study. Vaccines(Basel) 2020.16;8:535
56. 56. Massoudi N, Mohit B. A case- control study of the 2019 influenza vaccine and incidance of COVİD-19 Among healthcare workers. J.Clin İMMUNOL.2020.1-11.
57. 57.Sarıalioğlu F, Belen apak FB, Haberal M. Can hepatitis A Vaccine provide protection against COVİD-19?.Exp Clin Transplant.2020.18:141-143
58. 58.Kuramoto I, Fujiyama S, Matsushita K, Sato T. Immune response after hepatitis A vaccination in hemodialysis patients: Comparison with hepatitis B vaccination. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 9: 228–231