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Çocukluk Çağı Tüberkülozlu Olguların Klinik Özelliklerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2017, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 27 - 33, 01.04.2017

Abstract

Amaç: Tüberkülozlu olguların epidemiyolojik, klinik, radyolojik, mikrobiyolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, tedavi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi ve bu özelliklerin tüberküloz evreleri ile ilişkisinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: İntaniye Polikliniğinde Mayıs 2006- Mayıs 2007 tarihleri arasında temaslı, latent ve aktif evre tüberküloz tanılarıyla takip edilen hastaların şikayetleri, fizik muayene bulguları, tanı sırasında kullanılan yöntemler, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) ile aşılanma durumları, tedavi seçenekleri ve komplikasyonları geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmamıza temaslı, latent ve aktif tüberküloz evresindeki toplam 418 olgu alındı. Yaş ortalamaları 7.9 ± 3.7 yıl olan olguların 217’si kız (%52)’dı. Olguların 20’si (%4.8) temas, 322’si (%76.7) latent enfeksiyon (LE), 76’sı (%18.1) aktif hastalık (AH) evresindeydi. Aktif hastalığın daha çok 5 yaş altında, latent enfeksiyonun ise 5 yaş üstünde olduğu görüldü (p:0.04). Hastaneye başvuru sebebi latent enfeksiyonlu olgularda en sık nonproduktif öksürük (%38.7) iken aktif hastalık grubunda prodüktif öksürük ve gece terlemesi (%25)’di (p:0.01). Aktif hastalığı olan 76 hastanın 55’inde (%72) akciğer parankiminde tutulum mevcuttu. İkinci sırada olan tutulum yeri ise 10 (%13) olguda görülen lenf nodu tutulumuydu. BCG ile aşılanma sıklığı %91 olarak tespit edildi. BCG skar sayısı artıkça aktif hastalık gelişmesi oranı anlamlı derecede düşmekteydi. BCG skarı olmayanların %47.4’ü, bir adet BCG skarı olanların %20’i ve 2 adet BCG skarı olanların %9’u aktif hastalık evresinde tespit edildi (p:0.01). Çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm olguların tüberkülin deri testi olan Pürified Protein Derivative (PPD) pozitifliği %85 olarak tespit edildi. En sık rastlanan radyolojik bulgular bronkopnömonik infiltrasyon (LE:%4.7, AH:%28.9), perihiler lenf nodu (LE:%4.7; AH:%19.9) ve atelektazi (LE:%4.7; AH:%11.8)’di. Çalışmamızda sadece 3 hastamıza bağlı oldukları Verem Savaş Dispanseri (VSD) tarafından doğrudan gözetimli tedavi (DGT) uygulanmaktaydı. Tedavi sırasında olgularımızın 18’inde (%4.3) aspartat aminotransferaz (SGOT) ve alanin aminotransferaz (SGPT) enzim değerlerinde kullanılan ilaç sayısı ile orantılı olarak artış tespit edildi. İzoniazid (INH) profilaksisini 10 mg/kg’dan (maks 300mg/gün) alan 3 hastada cilt reaksiyonu gelişti. Olguların %90’ı tedavilerini tamamlamıştı geri kalan %10 ise takiplere hiç gelmemişti.Sonuç: Önemli bir birey ve halk sağlığı sorunu olan tüberküloz ile mücadele için çocuk ve erişkin tüm tüberkülozlu hastaların tek merkezden takip ve tedavilerinin yapılması etkin bir yol olarak görülmektedir.

References

  • 1. Pilheu JA. Tuberculosis 2000: Problems and solutions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2: 696-703.
  • 2. World Health Organisation. Tuberculosis, childhood TB: Training Toolkit. Reviewed 2015. Avaiable from: http://www.who.int/tb/ challenges/childtbtraining_manual/en/.
  • 3. World Health Organisation. Tuberculosis, what is TB? How is it treated? Ask the expert Reviewed March 2015. Avaiable from: http:// www.who.int/features/qa/08/en/.
  • 4. Bilgiç H. Tüberküloz epidemiyolojisi. Tüberküloz kliniǧi ve kontrolu. Kocabaş A (ed). Ankara: Ajans Emel, 1991:401-37.
  • 5. Akdağ R. Tüberküloz tanı ve tedavi rehberi. Ankara: Başak Matbaacılık ve Tanıtım Hizmetleri Ltd Şti., 2011:71-84.
  • 6. Sudre P, Ten Dam G, Kochi A. Tuberculosis: A global overview of the situation today. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992;70:149.
  • 7. Tuberculosis guide for low income countries. In: Enarson DA, Rieder HL, et all. (eds). International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 4. Ed. Frankfurt: 1996.
  • 8. Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Disease Society of America, September 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;1376- 95.
  • 9. Özmert EN. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de aşılama takvimindeki gelişmeler. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2008;51:168-75.
  • 10. Sağlık Bakanlığı Verem Savaş Daire Başkanlığı. Türkiye’de tüberkülozun kontrolü için başvuru kitabı. Ankara: 2003:5-9, 12-13,58-62.
  • 11. WHO. BCG vaccine. WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 2004;79: 25-40.
  • 12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Pickering LK (ed). Red Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Northwest Point Blvd Elk Grove Village, IL 2003:642-60.
  • 13. Göçmen A, Cengizler R, Özçelik U, ve ark. Childhood tuberculosis: A report of 2205 cases. Turk J Pediatr 1997; 39:149-58.
  • 14. Ayçiçek A, Aktaş G, Çelen Ö. Şanlıurfa ilindeki 69 çocuk tüberkülozu vakasının klinik, radyolojik ve epidemiyolojik özellikleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2006;49:205-12.
  • 15. Arpaz S, Keskin S, Kiter G. Tüberkülozlu çocuk hastalarımızın geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Thoracic Journal 2001;1:27-33.
  • 16. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes. World Health Organization. 2. ed. 1997.
  • 17. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Obihara CC, Starke JJ, et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: A critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:392-402.
  • 18. Leung AN, Müller NL, Pineda PR, FitzGerald JM. Primary tuberculosis in childhood: Radiographic manifestations. Radiology 1992;182:87-91.
  • 19. Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Gie RP. Bacteriologic yield in children with intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e69-71.
  • 20. Singh M, Moosa MV, Kumar L, Sharma M. Role of gastric lavage and broncho-alveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Ind J Pediatr 2000;37:947-51.
  • 21. World Health Organization. Rapid advice. Treatment of tuberculosis in Children. Geneva : World Health Organization, 2010.
  • 22. Graham SM. Treatment of paediatric TB: revised WHO guidelines. Pediatr Resp Rev 2011;12:22-6.
  • 23. Bilgiç H. Türkiye’de tüberkülozun durumu ve eradikasyon (kontrol) programı. 21. Yüzyılda Tüberküloz Sempozyumu ve II Tüberküloz Laboratuvar Tanı Yöntemleri Kursu. Samsun. 2003: 18-20. http:// www.klimik.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ 98201112419- Hayati_Bilgic.pdf

Tuberculosis Cases Evaluation of the Clinical Properties of Childhood

Year 2017, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 27 - 33, 01.04.2017

Abstract

Objective: Our aim was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, microbiological properties and the treatment results of cases with tuberculosis and the relationship of these properties with disease stages.Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with latent and active tuberculosis and children who had contacted an adult tuberculosis case and had been followed up by the infectious diseases department of our hospital between May 2006 and May 2007 were included in the study. All were evaluated retrospectively for their complaints, physical examination findings, laboratory findings, BCG vaccination situation, treatment modalities and complications due to the treatment. results: A total of 418 cases were included in our study. The mean age was 7.9 ± 3.7 years and 217 (52%) were female. Cases were grouped as contact (n: 20, 4.8%), latent infection (n: 322, 76.7%) and active disease (n: 76, 18.1%). It was demonstrated that active disease was usually seen in cases younger than 5 years old and latent infection in cases greater than 5 years old (p:0.04). The main complaint was nonproductive cough (38.7%) in the latent group and secretory cough with night sweating (25%) in the active group (p:0.01). There was pulmonary involvement in 55 (72%) of the active cases. The second most common location of the disease was the lymph nodes (13%). The BCG vaccination rate was 91%. The occurrence of active disease was decreased significantly as the number of BCG scars increased. The PPD test was positive in 85% of the cases. The most common findings on chest x-rays were bronchopneumonic infiltration (LI: 4.7%, AD: 28.9%), peribronchial lymphadenopathy (LI: 4.7%; AD: 19.9%) and atelectasis (LI: 4.7%; AD: 11.8%). Only 3 cases received directly observed treatment (DOT). During the treatment, 18 (4.3%) cases had a complication such as increased levels of AST and ALT and 3 cases had allergic skin reactions due to INH. The treatment of 90% of cases was completed whereas 10% of cases did not come for follow-up.conclusion: To fight tuberculosis, which is an important person and community health problem, all child and adult patients should be treated and followed up at a single center organised for this aim

References

  • 1. Pilheu JA. Tuberculosis 2000: Problems and solutions. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998;2: 696-703.
  • 2. World Health Organisation. Tuberculosis, childhood TB: Training Toolkit. Reviewed 2015. Avaiable from: http://www.who.int/tb/ challenges/childtbtraining_manual/en/.
  • 3. World Health Organisation. Tuberculosis, what is TB? How is it treated? Ask the expert Reviewed March 2015. Avaiable from: http:// www.who.int/features/qa/08/en/.
  • 4. Bilgiç H. Tüberküloz epidemiyolojisi. Tüberküloz kliniǧi ve kontrolu. Kocabaş A (ed). Ankara: Ajans Emel, 1991:401-37.
  • 5. Akdağ R. Tüberküloz tanı ve tedavi rehberi. Ankara: Başak Matbaacılık ve Tanıtım Hizmetleri Ltd Şti., 2011:71-84.
  • 6. Sudre P, Ten Dam G, Kochi A. Tuberculosis: A global overview of the situation today. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1992;70:149.
  • 7. Tuberculosis guide for low income countries. In: Enarson DA, Rieder HL, et all. (eds). International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. 4. Ed. Frankfurt: 1996.
  • 8. Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Disease Society of America, September 1999. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;1376- 95.
  • 9. Özmert EN. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de aşılama takvimindeki gelişmeler. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2008;51:168-75.
  • 10. Sağlık Bakanlığı Verem Savaş Daire Başkanlığı. Türkiye’de tüberkülozun kontrolü için başvuru kitabı. Ankara: 2003:5-9, 12-13,58-62.
  • 11. WHO. BCG vaccine. WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiol Rec 2004;79: 25-40.
  • 12. American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In: Pickering LK (ed). Red Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Northwest Point Blvd Elk Grove Village, IL 2003:642-60.
  • 13. Göçmen A, Cengizler R, Özçelik U, ve ark. Childhood tuberculosis: A report of 2205 cases. Turk J Pediatr 1997; 39:149-58.
  • 14. Ayçiçek A, Aktaş G, Çelen Ö. Şanlıurfa ilindeki 69 çocuk tüberkülozu vakasının klinik, radyolojik ve epidemiyolojik özellikleri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2006;49:205-12.
  • 15. Arpaz S, Keskin S, Kiter G. Tüberkülozlu çocuk hastalarımızın geriye dönük olarak değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Thoracic Journal 2001;1:27-33.
  • 16. Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines for National Programmes. World Health Organization. 2. ed. 1997.
  • 17. Marais BJ, Gie RP, Schaaf HS, Hesseling AC, Obihara CC, Starke JJ, et al. The natural history of childhood intra-thoracic tuberculosis: A critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004;8:392-402.
  • 18. Leung AN, Müller NL, Pineda PR, FitzGerald JM. Primary tuberculosis in childhood: Radiographic manifestations. Radiology 1992;182:87-91.
  • 19. Marais BJ, Hesseling AC, Gie RP. Bacteriologic yield in children with intra-thoracic tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:e69-71.
  • 20. Singh M, Moosa MV, Kumar L, Sharma M. Role of gastric lavage and broncho-alveolar lavage in the microbiological diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Ind J Pediatr 2000;37:947-51.
  • 21. World Health Organization. Rapid advice. Treatment of tuberculosis in Children. Geneva : World Health Organization, 2010.
  • 22. Graham SM. Treatment of paediatric TB: revised WHO guidelines. Pediatr Resp Rev 2011;12:22-6.
  • 23. Bilgiç H. Türkiye’de tüberkülozun durumu ve eradikasyon (kontrol) programı. 21. Yüzyılda Tüberküloz Sempozyumu ve II Tüberküloz Laboratuvar Tanı Yöntemleri Kursu. Samsun. 2003: 18-20. http:// www.klimik.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ 98201112419- Hayati_Bilgic.pdf
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA67CK46JH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sibel Bozabalı This is me

Özgür Olukman This is me

Şükrü Cangar This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2017
Submission Date April 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Bozabalı S, Olukman Ö, Cangar Ş. Tuberculosis Cases Evaluation of the Clinical Properties of Childhood. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2017;11(1):27-33.


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