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Üriner Sistem Taşı Olan Çocuk Hastaların Klinik ve Metabolik Özellikleri

Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 40 - 45, 01.04.2016

Abstract

Amaç: Üriner sistem taşı oluşumunda rol alan etiyolojik faktörleri belirlemek taşın tedavisi ve tekrarını önlemek açısından son derece önemlidir. Çalışmada çeşitli nedenlerle kliniğimize başvurup üriner sistem taşı saptanan hastalarda taşa eğilimi artıran faktörlerin belirlenmesi, yaş gruplarına göre hastaların demografik özelliklerinin, başvuru semptom ve bulgularının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: 2002 ve 2010 yılları arasında farklı nedenlerle Çocuk Nefroloji Kliniğimize başvurup üriner sistem taş hastalığı tanısı konulan 109 hastanın kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Ortalama yaşları 49.2±56.0 (0.1-228) ay olan 109 hastanın 56’sı (%51.4) erkek, 53’ü (%48.6) kızdı (E/K=1.06). Hastaların 74’ünün (%67.9) ailesinde üriner sistem taşı öyküsü ve 29’unun (%26.6) anne babası arasında akrabalık vardı. Taşlar hastaların 33’ünde (%30) sağ üriner sistem, 41’inde (%38) sol üriner sistem, 35’inde (%32) ise bilateral yerleşimliydi. Hastaların 50 (%45.9)’sinde idrar yolu enfeksiyonu öyküsü vardı. Beş ve daha küçük yaştaki hastaların %78’inde ve beş yaşından büyük hastaların %48’inde olmak üzere tüm hastaların %69.7’sinde metabolik bir neden saptandı. Metabolik tetkikleri yapılan hastaların %44’ünde hiperkalsiüri, %50.6’sında hiperoksalüri, %50’sinde hipositratüri ve %37.5’inde hiperürikozüri saptandı. Ailesinde taş öyküsü olan hastalarda (%74.3) olmayanlara göre (%60.0), annebaba arasında akrabalık öyküsü olanlarda (%86.0) olmayanlara göre (%63.0) metabolik nedenler daha yüksek saptandı.Sonuç: Çocuklarda taş hastalığı nadir değildir. Özellikle ailesinde üriner sistem taşı öyküsü olan, beş ve daha küçük yaşta üriner sistem taşı saptanan çocuklar olmak üzere, üriner sistem taşı saptanan tüm çocuk hastalarda öncelikle metabolik nedenlerin araştırılması gerektiği kanaatindeyiz.

References

  • Bak M, Ural R, AĞIN H. Pediatrik Ürolitiaziste metabolik nedenler. T Klin Pediatri 2004;13:104-13.
  • Sirin A, Emre S, Alpay H, Nayir A, Bilge I, Tanman F. Etiology of chronic renal failure in Turkish children. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9: 549-52.
  • Schaeffer AJ, Feng Z, Trock BJ, Mathews RI, Neu AM, Gearhart JP, et al. Medical comorbidities associated with pediatric kidney stone disease. Urology 2011;77:195-9.
  • Rizvi SA, Naqvi SA, Hussain Z, Hashmi A, Hussain M, Zafar MN, et al. Pediatric urolithiasis: Developing nation perspectives. J Urol 2002;168:1522–5.
  • Elder JS. Urinary lithiasis. In: Behrman ER, Kliegman MR, Jenson BH (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 16th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:1655-8.
  • Spivacow FR, Negri AL, del Valle EE, Calvino I, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR. Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1129-33.
  • Hoppe B, Leumann E, Milliner DS. Urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in childhood. In: DF Geary, Schaefer F (eds). Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2008:499-525.
  • Polito C, Cioce F, La Manna A, Maiello R, Di Toro R. Renal calyceal microlithiasis: Clinical presentation may precede sonographic evidence. Clin Pediatr 1999;38:521-4.
  • La Manna A, Polito C, Cioce F, De Maria G, Capacchione A, Rocco CE, et al. Calyceal microlithiasis in children: Report on 196 cases. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:214–7.
  • Ozokutan BH, Kucukaydin M, Gunduz Z, Kabaklioglu M, Okur H, Turan C. Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 2000;16:60–3.
  • Öner A, Demircin G, Ipekçioglu H, Bulbul M, Ecin N. Etiological and clinical patterns of urolithiasis in Turkish children. Eur Urol 1997;31:453-8.
  • Bayrakçı US, Sakallıoğlu O, Bakkaloğlu M, Topaloğlu R, Özen S, Beşbaş N, et al. Türk çocuklarında üriner sistem taşlarının metabolik değerlendirmesi. Diyaliz Transplantasyon ve Yanık 2008;19:11-4.
  • Alpay H, Ozen A, Gokce I, Biyikli N. Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:2203-9.
  • Basaklar AC, Kale N. Experience with childhood urolithiasis. Report of 196 cases. Br J Urol 1991:67:203-5.
  • Baysal YE, Koyun M, Akman S, Güven AG, Güntekin E. Çocuklarda ürolitiazis: Antalya yöresinde 10 yıllık deneyim. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2004;47: 254-9.
  • Çetin N, Yıldız B, Kural N, Durmuş Aydoğdu S. Çocuklarda böbrek taşları: Eskişehir’den bir merkezin bulguları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2013;56: 8-11.
  • Milliner DS, Murphy ME. Urolithiasis in pediatric patients. Mayo Clinic Proc 1993;68:241-8.
  • Stapleton FB. Clinical approach to children with urolithiasis. Semin Nephrol 1996;16:389-97.
  • Sarica K. Pediatric urolithiasis: Etiology, specifi c pathogenesis and medical treatment. Urol Res 2006; 34:96–101.
  • Stableton FB. Childhood stones. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002;31:1001-15.
  • López M, Hoppe B. History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25:49–59.
  • Milliner DS. Urolithiasis. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P (eds). Pediatric Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Springer; 2009: 1405- 31.
  • Saatci U. Turkey: Stone disease and urinary tract infection. In: Holliday MA, Barratt TM, Avner ED (eds). Pediatric Nephrology. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 1994:1441-4.
  • Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ. Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34:683-710.
  • Acar B, Inci Arikan F, Emeksiz S, Dallar Y. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis in children. World J Urol 2008;26:627-30.

Clinical and Metabolic Features of Kidney Stones in Children

Year 2016, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 40 - 45, 01.04.2016

Abstract

Objective: Determination of etiological factors in the development of urolithiasis is very important for treatment of urolithiasis and prevention of recurrences. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and metabolic features and risk factors of urolithiasis in children and compare the demographic features, clinical signs and symptoms of patients according to age groups. Material and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, radiological and metabolic features of 109 children with urolithiasis who had been referred to our Pediatric Nephrology Clinic between 2002 and 2010 with various clinical presentations. Results: There were 56 boys (51.4%) and 53 girls (48.6%) (M/F: 1.06). Their mean age was 49.2±56 months. A family history of urolithiasis was found in 67.9% of children. There was a history of consanguinity between the parents of 29 (26.6%) patients. The location of the urolithiasis was in the right urinary system in 33 (30%) patients, left urinary system in 41 (38%) patients, and bilateral in 35 (32%) patients. A history of urinary tract infection (UTI) was present in 45.9% of the patients. Urine analysis revealed metabolic abnormalities in 69.7% of the patients, including hypercalciuria (44.0%), hyperoxaluria (50.6%), hyperuricosuria (37.5%), and hypocitraturia (50.0%). The percentage of metabolic abnormalities was higher in patients with a family history (74.3%) than patients without a family history (60%) and also in patients with consanguinity (86%) between their parents than those with parents without consanguinity (63%). Metabolic abnormalities were more common in patients ≤ 5 years of age (78%) than in patients > 5 years of age (48%). Conclusion: Urolithiasis is not rare in children. Metabolic factors should be investigated in all children with the diagnosis of urolithiasis and especially in patients ≤5 years old and with a family history of urolithiasis

References

  • Bak M, Ural R, AĞIN H. Pediatrik Ürolitiaziste metabolik nedenler. T Klin Pediatri 2004;13:104-13.
  • Sirin A, Emre S, Alpay H, Nayir A, Bilge I, Tanman F. Etiology of chronic renal failure in Turkish children. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9: 549-52.
  • Schaeffer AJ, Feng Z, Trock BJ, Mathews RI, Neu AM, Gearhart JP, et al. Medical comorbidities associated with pediatric kidney stone disease. Urology 2011;77:195-9.
  • Rizvi SA, Naqvi SA, Hussain Z, Hashmi A, Hussain M, Zafar MN, et al. Pediatric urolithiasis: Developing nation perspectives. J Urol 2002;168:1522–5.
  • Elder JS. Urinary lithiasis. In: Behrman ER, Kliegman MR, Jenson BH (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 16th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000:1655-8.
  • Spivacow FR, Negri AL, del Valle EE, Calvino I, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR. Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1129-33.
  • Hoppe B, Leumann E, Milliner DS. Urolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in childhood. In: DF Geary, Schaefer F (eds). Comprehensive Pediatric Nephrology. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2008:499-525.
  • Polito C, Cioce F, La Manna A, Maiello R, Di Toro R. Renal calyceal microlithiasis: Clinical presentation may precede sonographic evidence. Clin Pediatr 1999;38:521-4.
  • La Manna A, Polito C, Cioce F, De Maria G, Capacchione A, Rocco CE, et al. Calyceal microlithiasis in children: Report on 196 cases. Pediatr Nephrol 1998;12:214–7.
  • Ozokutan BH, Kucukaydin M, Gunduz Z, Kabaklioglu M, Okur H, Turan C. Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 2000;16:60–3.
  • Öner A, Demircin G, Ipekçioglu H, Bulbul M, Ecin N. Etiological and clinical patterns of urolithiasis in Turkish children. Eur Urol 1997;31:453-8.
  • Bayrakçı US, Sakallıoğlu O, Bakkaloğlu M, Topaloğlu R, Özen S, Beşbaş N, et al. Türk çocuklarında üriner sistem taşlarının metabolik değerlendirmesi. Diyaliz Transplantasyon ve Yanık 2008;19:11-4.
  • Alpay H, Ozen A, Gokce I, Biyikli N. Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:2203-9.
  • Basaklar AC, Kale N. Experience with childhood urolithiasis. Report of 196 cases. Br J Urol 1991:67:203-5.
  • Baysal YE, Koyun M, Akman S, Güven AG, Güntekin E. Çocuklarda ürolitiazis: Antalya yöresinde 10 yıllık deneyim. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2004;47: 254-9.
  • Çetin N, Yıldız B, Kural N, Durmuş Aydoğdu S. Çocuklarda böbrek taşları: Eskişehir’den bir merkezin bulguları. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2013;56: 8-11.
  • Milliner DS, Murphy ME. Urolithiasis in pediatric patients. Mayo Clinic Proc 1993;68:241-8.
  • Stapleton FB. Clinical approach to children with urolithiasis. Semin Nephrol 1996;16:389-97.
  • Sarica K. Pediatric urolithiasis: Etiology, specifi c pathogenesis and medical treatment. Urol Res 2006; 34:96–101.
  • Stableton FB. Childhood stones. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002;31:1001-15.
  • López M, Hoppe B. History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25:49–59.
  • Milliner DS. Urolithiasis. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P (eds). Pediatric Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Springer; 2009: 1405- 31.
  • Saatci U. Turkey: Stone disease and urinary tract infection. In: Holliday MA, Barratt TM, Avner ED (eds). Pediatric Nephrology. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 1994:1441-4.
  • Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ. Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987; 34:683-710.
  • Acar B, Inci Arikan F, Emeksiz S, Dallar Y. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis in children. World J Urol 2008;26:627-30.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA75GC68NH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Engin Melek This is me

Kaan Savaş Gülleroğlu This is me

Umut Selda Bayrakçı This is me

Cem Aygün This is me

Esra Baskın This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2016
Submission Date April 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Melek E, Gülleroğlu KS, Bayrakçı US, Aygün C, Baskın E. Clinical and Metabolic Features of Kidney Stones in Children. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2016;10(1):40-5.


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