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Obez Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Obeziteye Eşlik Eden Endokrin ve Metabolik Bozukluklar ve İlişkili Faktörler

Year 2015, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 104 - 112, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışmada çocuklarda obeziteye eşlik eden endokrin-metabolik bozuklukların sıklıklarının belirlenmesi ve bunlarla ilişkili faktörlerin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya bir çocuk endokrinoloji polikliniğinde obezite tanısı alan 642 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Vücut kitle indeksi 95. persentil üzerinde olan olgular obez olarak kabul edilmiştir. Tüm olgular; yaş, bel çevresi, Vücut Kitle İndeksi (VKİ), VKİ standart deviasyon skoru, sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncı, homeostasis model of assesment for insülin resistance (HOMA-IR) indeksi, stria, hirsutismus, akantozis nigrikans, cushingoid görünüm, erken puberte, hipertansiyon, insülin direnci, bozulmuş açlık glukozu (BAG), bozulmuş glukoz toleransı (BGT), Tip 2 Diyabet (Tip 2 DM), subklinik hipotiroidi ve Haşimato tiroiditi açısından retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Çalışmada yer alan olgularda ortalama yaş 11.1 ± 3.2 yıl, erkek/kız oranı 1.01’di. Obezite ile ilişkili gözlenen en sık endokrin bozukluk insülin direnci (%44.4) iken, en sık klinik bulgu olarak akantozis nigrikans (%31.9) saptandı. Obezite ile ilişkili klinik bulgulardan stria ve erken puberte kızlarda erkeklere göre anlamlı olarak daha sık bulundu (p<0.05). Pubertal obez olgularda dislipidemi, hipertansiyon, hirsutismus, stria ve akantozis nigrikansın görülme sıklığının prepubertallerden daha yüksek olduğu izlendi (p<0,05).Çalışmamızda, obez çocuk ve ergenlerde dislipidemi, otoimmün tiroidit,subklinik hipotiroidi, bozulmuş glukoz toleransı ve tip 2 diyabet sıklıkları sırasıyla %23.2, %4.0, %1.2, %7.5 ve %0.9 olarak saptandı. Pubertal olgularda insülin direnci ve bozulmuş glukoz toleransı sıklığı prepubertal olgulara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p<0.05). İnsülin direnci saptanan grupta, vücut kitle indeksi, bel çevresi, hipertansiyon, dislipidemi, akantozis nigrikans ve strianın görülme sıklığı insülin direnci olmayan obezlere göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulundu (p<0.01).Sonuç: Obezite çocukluk çağının önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Obez çocuklarda yaşla birlikte obezitenin yol açtığı endokrin ve metabolik bozuklukların sıklığı artmaktadır. Bu çocukların yaş, pubertal durum ve cinsiyetleri göz önüne alınarak dikkatli ve ayrıntılı fizik muayene ile olası endokrin ve metabolik bozuklukların varlığı açısından taranması gerekmektedir. Metabolik olarak riskli çocukların belirlenerek erişkin dönemdeki morbidite ve mortalitenin azaltılabilmesi için; çocuklarda obezitenin engellenmesi, obezite geliştirmiş çocukların da yaşam tarzı değişikliği ile yakın takibi gereklidir.

References

  • Diri H, Şimşek Y, Bayram F. Obezite ve metabolik Sendrom. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:37-9.
  • Şıklar Z. Çocuk ve adolesanlarda obezite komplikasyonları ve metabolik sendrom. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg 2012;1:48-56.
  • Özhan B. Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:26-31.
  • Koçak M. Erem C. Obezite ve kanser. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:40-4.
  • Kaşifoğlu A, Yordam N. Obezitenin tanımı ve prevalansı. Katkı Pediatri Dergisi 2000;21:475-81.
  • yonu ile hipertansiyon sıklığı %10.7 bulunmuştur. Buna karşın
  • Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, Hostetter MK, Lister G, Siegel NJ. Rudolph’s Pediatric’s Textbook. 21’st ed. University of California 2002 24 - 10. Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 16. edition Philadelphia 2000: (25)-6;1767– 92.
  • Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyurek N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:50-4.
  • Babaoglu K,  Hatun S, Arslanoğlu I, Işgüven P, Baş F, Ercan O, et al. Evaluation of glucose intolerance in adolescents relative to adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006;19:1319-26.
  • Jin YY, Liang L, Fu JF, Wang XM. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2011;13:138-40.
  • Tresaco B, Bueno G, Moreno LA, Garagorri JM, Bueno M. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents. J Physiol Biochem 2003;59:217-23.
  • Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Hertrampf M, Muche R, Hay B, Mayer H, et al. Type II diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Caucasian children and adolescents with obesity living in Germany. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:307-13.
  • Wiegand S, Maikowski U, Blankenstein O, Biebermann H, Tarnow P, Grüters A. Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity -- A problem that is no longer restricted to minority groups. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:199-206.
  • Invitti C, Guzzaloni G, Gilardini L, Morabito F, Viberti G. Prevalence and concomitants of glucose intolerance in European obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2003;26:118-24.
  • Cizmecioğlu FM, Hatun S, Kalaça S. Metabolic syndrome in obese Turkish children and adolescents: Comparison of two diagnostic models. Turk J Pediatr 2008;50:359-65.
  • Maffeis C, Banzato C, Brambilla P, Cerutti F, Corciulo N, Cuccarolo G, et al. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for high blood pressure regardless of body size and fat distribution in obese children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010;20:266-73.
  • Jolliffe CJ, Janssen I. Vascular risks and management of obesity in children and adolescents. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2006;2:171- 87.
  • Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Rizos Z, Parati G. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertens Res 2010;33:386-93.
  • D’Adamo E, Santoro N, Caprio S. Metabolic syndrome in pediatrics: Old concepts revised, new concepts discussed. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009;38:549-63.
  • Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004;113:475-82.
  • Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyurek N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:50-4.
  • Raj M. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012;16:13-9.
  • Misra A, Shrivastava U. Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients 2013;5:2708-33.
  • Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2010;2:100-6.

Endocrinologic and Metabolic Abnormalities and Related Factors in Obese Children and Adolescents

Year 2015, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 104 - 112, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of endocrine-metabolic disorders accompanying obesity in children and to identify the factors related to these disorders.Material and Methods: A total of 642 children with a diagnosis of obesity among the endocrinology clinic patients were included in the study. Obesity was accepted as a body mass index over the 95th percentile. All patient were evaluated in term of age, waist circumference, body mass index, body mass index standard deviation score, systolic and diastolic hypertension, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, stria, hirsutismus, acantosis nigricans, cushingoid appearance, early puberty, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 DM, subclinical hypothyroidism and Hashimato thyroiditis, retrospectively.Results: The mean age of the patients with a diagnosis of obesity was 11.1 ± 3.2 years and the male/female ratio was 1.01. The most common accompanying endocrine problem was insulin resistance (44.4%), and the most common clinical sign was acantosis nigricans (31.9%). Striae and precocious puberty were seen significantly more commonly in female than male patients (p < 0.05). Obesity-related clinical symptoms including hypertension, hirsutism, stria and acantosis nigricans
were significantly more common in pubertal patients but buried penis was more commonly seen in pre-pubertals than pubertal cases (p< 0.05).
We found the frequency of dyslipidemia, autoimmune thyroiditis and subclinical hypothyroidism in obese children and adolescents to
be 23.2%, 4% and 1.2% respectively. The frequencies of IGT and type 2 DM were 7.5% and 0.9% respectively. This group of patients were found to be older, to have higher BMI and abdominal circumference, and to suffer more commonly from dyslipidemia, hypertension, acantosis nigricans and stria compared to the patients without insulin resistance (p=0.001).
Conclusion: Obesity is a significant health problem of childhood. The incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders is increased in obese children with age-induced obesity. These children should be screened for the possible presence of endocrine and metabolic disorders taking into account the age, pubertal status and gender. Determining children at metabolic risk and decreasing morbidity and mortality in adulthood requires prevention of obesity in childhood and careful follow-up of obese children with lifestyle modification.

References

  • Diri H, Şimşek Y, Bayram F. Obezite ve metabolik Sendrom. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:37-9.
  • Şıklar Z. Çocuk ve adolesanlarda obezite komplikasyonları ve metabolik sendrom. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg 2012;1:48-56.
  • Özhan B. Çocukluk Çağı Obezitesi. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:26-31.
  • Koçak M. Erem C. Obezite ve kanser. Türkiye Klinikleri Endokrin Özel Sayısı 2013;6:40-4.
  • Kaşifoğlu A, Yordam N. Obezitenin tanımı ve prevalansı. Katkı Pediatri Dergisi 2000;21:475-81.
  • yonu ile hipertansiyon sıklığı %10.7 bulunmuştur. Buna karşın
  • Rudolph CD, Rudolph AM, Hostetter MK, Lister G, Siegel NJ. Rudolph’s Pediatric’s Textbook. 21’st ed. University of California 2002 24 - 10. Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 16. edition Philadelphia 2000: (25)-6;1767– 92.
  • Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyurek N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:50-4.
  • Babaoglu K,  Hatun S, Arslanoğlu I, Işgüven P, Baş F, Ercan O, et al. Evaluation of glucose intolerance in adolescents relative to adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2006;19:1319-26.
  • Jin YY, Liang L, Fu JF, Wang XM. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in children. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2011;13:138-40.
  • Tresaco B, Bueno G, Moreno LA, Garagorri JM, Bueno M. Insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in obese children and adolescents. J Physiol Biochem 2003;59:217-23.
  • Wabitsch M, Hauner H, Hertrampf M, Muche R, Hay B, Mayer H, et al. Type II diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Caucasian children and adolescents with obesity living in Germany. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:307-13.
  • Wiegand S, Maikowski U, Blankenstein O, Biebermann H, Tarnow P, Grüters A. Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity -- A problem that is no longer restricted to minority groups. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:199-206.
  • Invitti C, Guzzaloni G, Gilardini L, Morabito F, Viberti G. Prevalence and concomitants of glucose intolerance in European obese children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2003;26:118-24.
  • Cizmecioğlu FM, Hatun S, Kalaça S. Metabolic syndrome in obese Turkish children and adolescents: Comparison of two diagnostic models. Turk J Pediatr 2008;50:359-65.
  • Maffeis C, Banzato C, Brambilla P, Cerutti F, Corciulo N, Cuccarolo G, et al. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for high blood pressure regardless of body size and fat distribution in obese children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010;20:266-73.
  • Jolliffe CJ, Janssen I. Vascular risks and management of obesity in children and adolescents. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2006;2:171- 87.
  • Kotsis V, Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Rizos Z, Parati G. Mechanisms of obesity-induced hypertension. Hypertens Res 2010;33:386-93.
  • D’Adamo E, Santoro N, Caprio S. Metabolic syndrome in pediatrics: Old concepts revised, new concepts discussed. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009;38:549-63.
  • Sorof JM, Lai D, Turner J, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Overweight, ethnicity, and the prevalence of hypertension in school-aged children. Pediatrics 2004;113:475-82.
  • Atabek ME, Eklioglu BS, Akyurek N. Reevaluation of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban area of Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5:50-4.
  • Raj M. Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012;16:13-9.
  • Misra A, Shrivastava U. Obesity and dyslipidemia in South Asians. Nutrients 2013;5:2708-33.
  • Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2010;2:100-6.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA55KN26DS
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Rüveyda Gülmez This is me

Fatma Demirel This is me

Suna Emir This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Submission Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Gülmez R, Demirel F, Emir S. Endocrinologic and Metabolic Abnormalities and Related Factors in Obese Children and Adolescents. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2015;9(2):104-12.


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