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Bir Pediatri Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençli Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Salgını ve Kontrolü

Year 2014, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 124 - 128, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Amaç: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), özellikle duyarlı hastalarda ciddi infeksiyonlara yol açabilen fırsatçı bir mikroorganizmadır. Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde (YBÜ) invazif aletlerin kullanılmasıyla ortaya çıkan hastane kaynaklı infeksiyonlar ve salgınlar hasta yaşamı açısından önemli bir tehdite yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, pediatri YBÜ’de kullanılan laringoskopların kontaminasyonundan kaynaklandığı tespit edilen bir P. aeruginosa salgını sunulmuştur.Gereç ve Yöntemler: 21 Mayıs- 17 Ağustos 2012 tarihleri arasında pediatri YBÜ’de yatan altı hastanın çoklu antibiyotik dirençli P. aeruginosa (ÇADPa) ile infekte olduğu belirlendi. Olguların zaman ve yer açısından kümelenmesi nedeniyle hastane salgını olabileceği düşünüldü. Bu salgının kaynağını bulmak için çevresel örnekler toplandı. Mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarımızda uygun inkübasyon sonrası ileri identifikasyonlar ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri yapıldı.Bulgular: İdentifikasyon ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri sonucunda bu YBÜ’de kullanılan iki laringoskoptan ÇADPa izole edildi. Bu suşlar ile hastalardan izole edilen suşların antibiyotik duyarlılık paternleri benzerlik gösterdi. ÇADPa üreyen altı hastaya bu laringoskoplarla tekrarlanan entübasyonlar yapıldığı ve salgının reentübasyonlarda kullanılan laringoskoplardan kaynaklandığı tespit edildi.Sonuç: Hastane ortamında kullanılan çeşitli aletlerin kontaminasyonu sonrasında nozokomiyal ÇADPa salgınları olabileceği düşünülmelidir. Salgın varlığında hedefe yönelik sürveyans yapılmalı ve infeksiyon kontrol önlemleri daha sıkı uygulanmalıdır.

References

  • Hancock REW. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aerugino- sa and other nonfermentative gram negative bacteria. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:93-9.
  • Pollack M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:1980-2003.
  • Trilla A. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:1-4.
  • Wolff M, Brun-Buisson C, Lode H, Mathai D, Lewi D, Pittet D. The changing epidemiology of severe infections in the ICU. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;3:36-47.
  • Iversen BG, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK, Nygård K, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in- fection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:794-801.
  • Çetin ES, Demirci S, Aynalı A, Aşçı S, Andoğan BC. Contaminated ambu-bag associated hospital-acquired infection with Pseudomo- nas aeruginosa in an intensive care unit. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fa- kültesi Dergisi 2009;16:25-7.
  • Harbarth S, Pittet D. Identifi cation and management of infectious outbreaks in the critical care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 1996;2: 352-60.
  • Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE. Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4217–24.
  • Vonberg RP, Gastmeier P. Hospital-acquired infections related to contaminated substances. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:15-23.
  • Jung R, Fish DN, Obritsch MD, MacLaren R. Survelliance of multi- drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an urban tertiary–care teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:105-11.
  • Defez C, Fabbro-Peray P, Bouziges N, Gouby A, Mahamat A, Daurès JP, et al. Risk factors for multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:209-16.
  • Garner JS, Jarwis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC defi nitions for nosocomial infections, Am J Infect Control 1988;16: 128-40.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2005. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; M100-S15,15 th informational supplement. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
  • Trautmann M, Lepper PM, Haller M. Ecology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit and the evolving role of water outlets as a reservoir of the organism. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:41-9.
  • Pagani L, Colinon C, Migliavacca R, Labonia M, Docquier JD, Nucleo E, et al. Nosocomial outbreak caused by multidrug- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing IMP-13 metallo- beta-lactamase. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3824-38.
  • Bert F, Maubec E, Bruneau B, Berry P, Lambert-Zechovsky N. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1998;39:53-62.
  • Kikuchi T, Nagashima G, Taguchi K, Kuraishi H, Nemoto H, Yamanaka M, et al. Contaminated oral intubation equipment associated with an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:54-7.
  • Iversen BG, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK, Nygård K, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:794-801.
  • Çekin Y, Karagöz A, Kızılateş F, Çekin AH, Öztoprak N, Bülbüller N, Durmaz R. Karbapeneme dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ya bağlı bir hastane infeksiyonu salgınının incelenmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;37:619-27.
  • Gülay Z, Öktem İMA, Toklu T, Yüce A. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde çoğul dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ya bağlı bir hastane infeksiyonu salgınının incelenmesi. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 2002;6:87-91.
  • Koruk S, Bayraktar M, Koruk İ, Yılmaz L. Üriner sistoskop kontaminasyonu sonrası gelişen hastane kaynaklı Burkholderia cepacia salgını. ANKEM Dergisi 2010;24:193-7.
  • Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Sterilization, high-level disinfection, and environmental cleaning. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2011;25:45-76.
  • Muldrew KL. Molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:102-11.
  • Otlu B. Hastanede salgın yönetimi: Salgında moleküler mikrobiyolo- jik yöntemlerin kullanımı. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 2013;17:7- 16.
  • Durmaz R. Moleküler epidemiyolojik tiplendirme yöntemlerinin hastane enfeksiyonlarında kullanımı. Doğanay M, Ünal S, Şardan YC (eds). Hastane İnfeksiyonları. 2.baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2013:303-28.
  • Leblebicioglu H, Rosenthal VD, Arikan OA, Ozgültekin A, Yalcin AN, Koksal I, et al. The Turkish Branch of INICC. Device-associated hospital-acquired infection rates in Turkish intensive care units. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). J Hosp Infect 2007;65:251-7.
  • Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Salomao R, Moreno CA, Mehta Y, Higuera F, et al. Device associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:852-91.

Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak due to Multi Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Year 2014, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 124 - 128, 01.06.2014

Abstract

Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), is an opportunistic microorganism that causes serious infections especially in susceptible patients. Nosocomial infections and outbreaks seen after the use of invasive instruments in intensive care units (ICU) seriously threaten patient survival. We report a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak that was found to be caused by contamination of laryngoscopes used in the pediatric ICU.Material and Methods: Six patients in the pediatric ICU were diagnosed multi drug resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPa). A nosocomial outbreak was suspected as the cases were aggregated with regard to time and place. Environmental specimens were collected to explain the source of this outbreak. Antibiotic susceptibility tests and advanced identifi cation tests following incubation were performed. Results: After identifi cation and antibiotic susceptibility tests, MDRPa was detected from two laryngoscopes used in the pediatric ICU. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these strains and those isolated from the patients were similar. Recurrent intubations had been performed in those six MDRPa-isolated patients and the outbreak was found to have originated from these laryngoscopes.Conclusion: Contamination of various instruments used in hospitals can cause nasocomial MDRPa outbreaks. When detected, surveillance should target the cause and strict prevention strategies to control infection should be utilized

References

  • Hancock REW. Resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aerugino- sa and other nonfermentative gram negative bacteria. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:93-9.
  • Pollack M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:1980-2003.
  • Trilla A. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 1994;20:1-4.
  • Wolff M, Brun-Buisson C, Lode H, Mathai D, Lewi D, Pittet D. The changing epidemiology of severe infections in the ICU. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;3:36-47.
  • Iversen BG, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK, Nygård K, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in- fection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:794-801.
  • Çetin ES, Demirci S, Aynalı A, Aşçı S, Andoğan BC. Contaminated ambu-bag associated hospital-acquired infection with Pseudomo- nas aeruginosa in an intensive care unit. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fa- kültesi Dergisi 2009;16:25-7.
  • Harbarth S, Pittet D. Identifi cation and management of infectious outbreaks in the critical care unit. Curr Opin Crit Care 1996;2: 352-60.
  • Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett EE. Outbreaks associated with contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4217–24.
  • Vonberg RP, Gastmeier P. Hospital-acquired infections related to contaminated substances. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:15-23.
  • Jung R, Fish DN, Obritsch MD, MacLaren R. Survelliance of multi- drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an urban tertiary–care teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:105-11.
  • Defez C, Fabbro-Peray P, Bouziges N, Gouby A, Mahamat A, Daurès JP, et al. Risk factors for multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial infection. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:209-16.
  • Garner JS, Jarwis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC defi nitions for nosocomial infections, Am J Infect Control 1988;16: 128-40.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2005. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; M100-S15,15 th informational supplement. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
  • Trautmann M, Lepper PM, Haller M. Ecology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the intensive care unit and the evolving role of water outlets as a reservoir of the organism. Am J Infect Control 2005;33:41-9.
  • Pagani L, Colinon C, Migliavacca R, Labonia M, Docquier JD, Nucleo E, et al. Nosocomial outbreak caused by multidrug- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing IMP-13 metallo- beta-lactamase. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3824-38.
  • Bert F, Maubec E, Bruneau B, Berry P, Lambert-Zechovsky N. Multi-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak associated with contaminated tap water in a neurosurgery intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 1998;39:53-62.
  • Kikuchi T, Nagashima G, Taguchi K, Kuraishi H, Nemoto H, Yamanaka M, et al. Contaminated oral intubation equipment associated with an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas in an intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2007;65:54-7.
  • Iversen BG, Jacobsen T, Eriksen HM, Bukholm G, Melby KK, Nygård K, et al. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection caused by contaminated mouth swabs. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:794-801.
  • Çekin Y, Karagöz A, Kızılateş F, Çekin AH, Öztoprak N, Bülbüller N, Durmaz R. Karbapeneme dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ya bağlı bir hastane infeksiyonu salgınının incelenmesi. Mikrobiyol Bul 2013;37:619-27.
  • Gülay Z, Öktem İMA, Toklu T, Yüce A. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde çoğul dirençli Pseudomonas aeruginosa’ya bağlı bir hastane infeksiyonu salgınının incelenmesi. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 2002;6:87-91.
  • Koruk S, Bayraktar M, Koruk İ, Yılmaz L. Üriner sistoskop kontaminasyonu sonrası gelişen hastane kaynaklı Burkholderia cepacia salgını. ANKEM Dergisi 2010;24:193-7.
  • Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Sterilization, high-level disinfection, and environmental cleaning. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2011;25:45-76.
  • Muldrew KL. Molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009;21:102-11.
  • Otlu B. Hastanede salgın yönetimi: Salgında moleküler mikrobiyolo- jik yöntemlerin kullanımı. Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi 2013;17:7- 16.
  • Durmaz R. Moleküler epidemiyolojik tiplendirme yöntemlerinin hastane enfeksiyonlarında kullanımı. Doğanay M, Ünal S, Şardan YC (eds). Hastane İnfeksiyonları. 2.baskı. Ankara: Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi, 2013:303-28.
  • Leblebicioglu H, Rosenthal VD, Arikan OA, Ozgültekin A, Yalcin AN, Koksal I, et al. The Turkish Branch of INICC. Device-associated hospital-acquired infection rates in Turkish intensive care units. Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). J Hosp Infect 2007;65:251-7.
  • Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Salomao R, Moreno CA, Mehta Y, Higuera F, et al. Device associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:852-91.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA94VP99JV
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Meliha Çağla Sönmezer This is me

Hasan Tezer This is me

Aslınur Parlakay This is me

Saliha Yüksek This is me

Halil İbrahim Yakut This is me

Emre Nur Sarı This is me

Emrah Şenel This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2014
Submission Date June 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Sönmezer MÇ, Tezer H, Parlakay A, Yüksek S, Yakut Hİ, Sarı EN, Şenel E. Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak due to Multi Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2014;8(3):124-8.


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