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Bir Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Nozokomiyal Enfeksiyonlar ve Klebsiella Sorunu

Year 2010, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 133 - 139, 01.06.2010

Abstract

Giriş: Yenidoğan yoğunbakım ünitelerindeki (YYBÜ) gelişmeler yenidoğanların yaşam oranlarının artışını sağlamıştır. Bununla birlikte nozokomiyal enfeksiyonlarda da (NE) artış görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada hastanemiz YYBÜ’deki NE sıklığı, etkenler ve mortalite oranlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materyal-metod: YYBÜ’sinde 2008’de yatırılan yenidoğanlardan, yatışlarından 48 saat sonra veya taburcu edildikten sonraki 10 gün içinde sepsis tanısı alanlar çalışmamıza alındı. NE tanısı için Ulusal Hastane Enfeksiyonları Sürveyans Sistemi kullanıldı. Bulgular: YYBÜ’de 2008 yılında yatırılan 769 yenidoğandan 32’sinde (% 4.2) NE saptandı. Olguların kız/erkek oranı 16/16, ortalama doğum ağırlıkları 2457±857 g (800-3800), gestasyon yaşları 35.6±4.5 hafta (23-42), yatış süreleri 29±17.8 gün (7-74), başvuru sırasında yaşları 9.5±8 gün (0-60 gün), vajinal yolla doğanlar % 50, premature yenidoğanlar % 50 (n=16), doğum ağırlığı 1500 g’ın altında olanlar % 21.9 (n=7) bulundu. NE etkenleri ve görülme oranları; Klebsiella (% 49.9), Candida spp. (% 18.8), E. Coli (% 12.5), Rotavirus (% 6.3), diğerleri (% 12.5) idi. Mikroorganizmaların antibiyotik duyarlılık profilleri Şöyleydi: Enterekokta teikoplanin, vankomisin ve gentamisin % 100; Stafilokoklarda teikoplanin ve vankomisin % 100; gram negatiflerde karbapenem % 100, piperasilintazobaktam % 60, amikasin % 65, kinolonlar % 95; Candida için flukanazol % 100. Nozokomiyal enfeksiyonlara bağlı mortalite oranı % 18.8 (n=6) olup üç bebek majör konjenital anomalileri olduğundan enfeksiyon dışı nedenlerle kaybedildi. Nozokomiyal enfeksiyon nedeniyle kaybedilen 3 yenidoğanda (% 9.4) etken olarak Klebsiella saptandı. Sonuç: Yenidoğanlar, özellikle pretermler NE gelişimi açısından yüksek riskli olduğundan, YYBÜ’lerinin hastane izlem programlarıyla düzenli izlenmesi, NE’ların azaltılmaya çalışılması gereklidir. Özellikle mortalitesi yüksek gram negatif enfeksiyonların önlenmesi morbiditeyi de azaltacaktır. Ünitemizde riskli yenidoğanlarda nozokomiyal sepsis için gram negatifler ve özellikle Klebsiella spp. için menenjit varsa vankomisin+meropenem, menenjit yoksa teikoplanin+meropenem tedavi başlanarak kültür sonuçlarına göre monoterapiye geçilmesi gerektiği düşünülmüştür. Riskli yenidoğanlarda, özellikle uzun süreli geniş spektrumlu antibiyotik tedavisi alan çok düşük doğum ağırlıklı prematurelerde mantar enfeksiyonlarının önlenmesi için proflaktik tedavi başlanması düşünülebilir.

References

  • Turkish Neonatal Society, Nosocomial Infections Study Group. Nosocomial infections in neonatal units in Turkey: epidemiology, problems, unit policies and opinions of healthcare workers. Turk J Pediatr. 2010;52:50-57.
  • Yalaz M, Arslanoğlu S, Çetin H, Aydemir Ş, Tünger A, Akısu M, Kültürsay N. Üçüncü basamak yenidoğan yoğun bakım merke- zinde kanıtlanmış nozokomiyal sepsis etkenlerinin değerlendiril- mesi: iki yıllık analiz. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004;5:5 – 9.
  • Olukman Ö, Atlıhan F, Gülfidan G, Çalkavur Ş, Öztürk İC. Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde nozokomiyal infeksiyon et- kenleri ve antibiyotik direnç özellikleri: Son bir yıllık deneyim. J Exp Clin Med. 2009; 26:72-76.
  • Oral R, Akısü M, Tansuğ N, Kültürsay N. 1993-1995 yılları arası yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde nozokomiyal sepsise yol açan etkenler ve klinik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. T Klin J Pediatr. 1996;5:53-59.
  • Raymond J, Aujard Y. Nosocomial infections in pediatric pati- ents: a European multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000; 21:260-263.
  • Abdel-Hady H, Hawas S, El-Daker M, El-Kady R. Extended- spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2008;28:685-690.
  • Manzoni P, Monstert M, Agriesti G, Priolo C, Galletto P, Farina D. Neonatal fungal infection: the state of the art. J Chemother 2007;19:42-45.
  • O’Grady MJ, Dempsey EM. Antifungal prophylaxis for the pre- vention of neonatal candidiasis? Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:430- 433.
  • Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Donowitz LG. Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colo- nization and infection in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1660-1666.
  • Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Grossman LB. Twice weekly fluconazole prophylaxis for preven- tion of invasive Candida infection in high-risk infants of <1000 grams birth weight. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 172-179.
  • Howell A, Isaacs D, Halliday R; Australasian Study Group For Neonatal Infections. Oral nystatin prophylaxis and neonatal fun- gal infections. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:429- 433.
  • Aydemir C, Oguz SS, Dizdar EA, Akar M, Sarikabadayi YU, Saygan S, Erdeve O, Dilmen U. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic fluconazole versus nystatin for the prevention of fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Kaufman D, Fairchild KD. Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004; 17: 638-680.

NASOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND TROUBLE WITH KLEBSIELLA

Year 2010, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 133 - 139, 01.06.2010

Abstract

Objective: Health care improvements and technical advances in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) caused an increase in survival rates of neonates. Nosocomial infections (NI) also increased at the same time. In this study, we aimed to define the rate of NI, agents of NI, and the rate of mortality due to NI in our NICU.Material-method: This study comprises neonates diagnosed as sepsis after 48 hours of hospitalization or within 10 days after discharge from our NICU during 2008. National Surveillance System for Infections was used to diagnose NI. Results: Among 769 hospitalized neonates, 32 (4.2%) of them were determined as having NI during 2008 in our NICU. Of these 32 neonates with NI, the ratio of female/male was 16/16, mean birth weight was 2457±857 g (8003800); mean gestational age, 35.6±4.5 weeks ; mean duration of hospitalization, 29±17.8 days ; mean postnatal age, 9.5±8 days ; ratio of vaginal delivery, 50% (n=16); ratio of prematurity, 50%; and ratio of very low birth weight neonates 21.9% (n=7). The isolated pathogens were Klebsiella spp. (49.9%), Candida spp. (18.8%), E. Coli (12.5%), Rotavirus (6.3%), and others (12.5%).The antibiotic susceptibilities of microorganisms were as follows: teicoplanin, vancomycin and gentamicin (100%) for Enterecoc; teicoplanin and vancomycin (100%) for Staphilococcus; carbapenem (100%), piperacillin-tazobactam (60%), quinolones (95%), amikacin (65%) for gram-negative microorganisms; and fluconazole (100%) for Candida.The mortality rate was 18.8 % (n=6). Of these 6 died neonates, 3 neonates died secondary to major congenital abnormalities incompatible with life and the other 3 neonates died due to the isolated pathogen of Klebsiella spp.Conclusion: Neonates, especially preterms are at high risk for the development of NI. Targeted follow-up of hosmalities incompatible with life and the other 3 neonates died dmalities incompatible with life and the other 3 neonates died d

References

  • Turkish Neonatal Society, Nosocomial Infections Study Group. Nosocomial infections in neonatal units in Turkey: epidemiology, problems, unit policies and opinions of healthcare workers. Turk J Pediatr. 2010;52:50-57.
  • Yalaz M, Arslanoğlu S, Çetin H, Aydemir Ş, Tünger A, Akısu M, Kültürsay N. Üçüncü basamak yenidoğan yoğun bakım merke- zinde kanıtlanmış nozokomiyal sepsis etkenlerinin değerlendiril- mesi: iki yıllık analiz. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004;5:5 – 9.
  • Olukman Ö, Atlıhan F, Gülfidan G, Çalkavur Ş, Öztürk İC. Yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde nozokomiyal infeksiyon et- kenleri ve antibiyotik direnç özellikleri: Son bir yıllık deneyim. J Exp Clin Med. 2009; 26:72-76.
  • Oral R, Akısü M, Tansuğ N, Kültürsay N. 1993-1995 yılları arası yenidoğan yoğun bakım ünitesinde nozokomiyal sepsise yol açan etkenler ve klinik özelliklerin değerlendirilmesi. T Klin J Pediatr. 1996;5:53-59.
  • Raymond J, Aujard Y. Nosocomial infections in pediatric pati- ents: a European multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000; 21:260-263.
  • Abdel-Hady H, Hawas S, El-Daker M, El-Kady R. Extended- spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2008;28:685-690.
  • Manzoni P, Monstert M, Agriesti G, Priolo C, Galletto P, Farina D. Neonatal fungal infection: the state of the art. J Chemother 2007;19:42-45.
  • O’Grady MJ, Dempsey EM. Antifungal prophylaxis for the pre- vention of neonatal candidiasis? Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:430- 433.
  • Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Donowitz LG. Fluconazole prophylaxis against fungal colo- nization and infection in preterm infants. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1660-1666.
  • Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC, Patrie JT, Robinson M, Grossman LB. Twice weekly fluconazole prophylaxis for preven- tion of invasive Candida infection in high-risk infants of <1000 grams birth weight. J Pediatr 2005; 147: 172-179.
  • Howell A, Isaacs D, Halliday R; Australasian Study Group For Neonatal Infections. Oral nystatin prophylaxis and neonatal fun- gal infections. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:429- 433.
  • Aydemir C, Oguz SS, Dizdar EA, Akar M, Sarikabadayi YU, Saygan S, Erdeve O, Dilmen U. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic fluconazole versus nystatin for the prevention of fungal colonisation and invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2010 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Kaufman D, Fairchild KD. Clinical microbiology of bacterial and fungal sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004; 17: 638-680.
There are 13 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA48EG59JJ
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevim Ünal This is me

Fatma Çakmak Çelik This is me

Hasan Tezer This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2010
Submission Date June 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Ünal S, Çelik FÇ, Tezer H. NASOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND TROUBLE WITH KLEBSIELLA. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2010;4(3):133-9.


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