BibTex RIS Cite

Çocuklarda Burun Kanama Nedenleri

Year 2009, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 5 - 9, 01.12.2009

Abstract

Giriş ve Amaç: Çocuklarda burun kanaması sık görülmektedir. Burun kanamasına yol açan birçok neden tanımlanmasına karşın bazılarında etiyoloji saptanamamaktadır. Çalışmamızda hastanemize burun kanaması yakınması ile gelen olgular değerlendirilip kanama diyatezinin varlığı araştırıldı. Materyal Metod: Çalışmaya yaş ortalamaları 7.7 ±3.5yıl olan 150 olgu alındı ve kanama diyatezinin varlığı araştırıldı. Burun kanamasının miktarı sorgusunda çay bardağı (=60ml) ölçüt olarak alındı. Olguların tümünde tam kan sayımı, üre, kreatinin, AST, ALT, eritrosit sedimentasyon hızı, PT, aPTT, FXIII ve kanama zamanı incelendi, beş yaşından büyük olan çocuklarda Waters grafisi değerlendirildi. Kanama zamanı Ivy yöntemi ile bakıldı. Yılda beşten fazla burun kanaması olan olgular tekrarlayan burun kanaması olarak kabul edildi. Burun kanamasının sıklığı yılda beşten fazla olup PT-aPTT değerleri yüksek ve/veya kanama zamanı uzun olan olgularda FVIII, FIX, vWF:Ag, vWF-ristocetin kofaktör ve trombosit fonksiyon testleri çalışıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda burun kanamasının erkeklerde daha sık ( % 62 ) olduğu görüldü, kanama diyatezi ve tekrarlayan burun kanama olgularında ise cinsiyet ayrımı saptanmadı. Yılda 1-5 kez, 5 dakikadan kısa ve 15 ml’den az olan burun kanamalarının daha sık olduğu, kanama yeri açısından ise farklılık olmadığı saptandı. Olgularımızdaki burun kanamalarının % 70.7’sinin lokal nedenlerle( % 48.6’sında enfeksiyonun tek başına veya diğer faktörlerle birlikteliği ), %24’ünün idiyopatik, %5.3’ünün sistemik nedenlerle olduğu saptandı. Olguların % 39.3’ünde burun kanamalarının tekrarladığı görüldü. Tekrarlayan burun kanama olgularının aile bireylerinin çocukluklarında sık burun kanama öyküsü olması ( % 47 ) istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı idi. Tüm olguların % 3.3’ünde, tekrarlayan burun kanama olgularının ise % 8.4’ünde kanama diyatezi saptandı. Bilateral tekrarlayan burun kanamalarının olmasının veya yılda 25’ten fazla burun kanaması olmasının kanama diyatezi açısından anlamlı olduğu görüldü.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada burun kanaması ile gelen çocuklarda öncelikle enfeksiyonların araştırılması gerektiği ve bilateral tekrarlayan burun kanamalarında kanama diyatezi düşünülerek koagülasyona yönelik tetkiklerin özellikle kanama zamanının bakılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşıldı.

References

  • McDonald TJ. Nosebleed in children. Background and techniques to stop to flow. Postgrad Med. 1987;81: 217-224.
  • Jackson KR, Jackson RT. Factors associated with active, refractory epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114: 862-865.
  • Massick D, Tobin EJ.Epistaxis.In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH,Thomas JR, Harker LA, Flint PW (eds). Otolaryngology:Head & Neck Surgery. 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2005:942-960.
  • Tomkinson A, Bremmer-Smith A, Craven C, Roblin DG. Hospital epistaxis rate and ambient temperature. Clin Otolaryngol 1995; : 239-240.
  • Viducich RA, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 596.
  • Petruson B. Epistaxis in childhood. Rhinology 1979; 17:83-90
  • Beran M, Petruson B. Changes in the nasal mucosa of habitual nose-bleeders. Acta Otolaryngol 1986; 102:308-314.
  • Doyle DE. Anterior epistaxis: a new nasal tampon for fast, effec- tive control. Laryngoscope. 1986;96: 279-281.
  • Damrose JF, Maddalozzo J. Pediatric epistaxis. Laryngoscope ;116: 387-393. Katsanis E, Luke KH, Hsu E, Li M, Lillicrap D. Prevalence and significance of mild bleeding disorders in chidren with recurrent epistaxis.J Pediatr 1998;113:73-76.
  • Sandoval C, Dong S, Visintainer P, Ozkaynak MF, Jayabose S. Clinical and laboratory features of 178 children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24: 47-49.
  • Beran M, Petruson B. Occurrence of epistaxis in habitual nose- bleeders and analysis of some etiological factors. ORL J Otorhi- nolaryngol Relat Spec. 1986;48: 297-303.
  • Kiley V, Stuart JJ, Johnson CA. Coagulation studies in children with isolated recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr 1982;100:579-581.

THE CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS IN CHILDREN

Year 2009, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 5 - 9, 01.12.2009

Abstract

Introduction: Epistaxis commonly seen in children. Although underlying causes have been defined in most cases, the etiology of this symptom can not be established some of cases. In this study, children admitted to our hospital with the complaint of epistaxis were evaluated for a possible bleeding diathesis.Material and Method: There were 150 cases with the mean age of 7.7±3.5 years with epistaxis and investigated for bleeding diathesis. At least 60 ml of blood loss by epistaxis was considered significant. Complete blood count, renal-hepatic function tests, sedimentation rate, PT, aPTT, factor XIII and bleeding time were examined in all cases. Water’s graphy was performed in the children over 5 years of age. Bleeding time was determined by Ivy method. The cases with over 5 episodes in a year were accepted as recurrent epistaxis. We studied factor VIII, IX, vWFAg, vWF-ristocetin cofactor and thrombocyte function tests in the cases with recurrent epistaxis and elevated PT, aPTT and/or elongated bleeding time.Results: In the present study, it was established that epistaxis occurs more frequently in boys (62%). There was no significant sexual difference in terms of bleeding diathesis and recurrent epistaxis. The children with epistaxis 1-5 times in a year, lasting less than 5 minutes and 15 ml in volume were seen more frequent, but the place of epistaxis was not statistically significant. The underlying causes of epistaxis were as follows: local factors 70.7% (infection alone or combined with other factors 48.6%), idiopathic 24%, systemic causes 5.3%.Epistaxis was recurred in 39.3% of children. Epistaxis history in the family members was statistically significant in the children with recurrent epistaxis. Bleeding diathesis was determined in 3.3% of all children and 8.4% of children with recurrent epistaxis. Bleeding diathesis was statistically significant in the children with either bilateral epistaxis or over 25 episodes in a year.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, children admitted to hospital with epistaxis should be evaluated for infections at first. Besides, children having bilateral epistaxis should be considered bleeding diathesis and analysed for coagulation, especially bleeding time should be performed

References

  • McDonald TJ. Nosebleed in children. Background and techniques to stop to flow. Postgrad Med. 1987;81: 217-224.
  • Jackson KR, Jackson RT. Factors associated with active, refractory epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114: 862-865.
  • Massick D, Tobin EJ.Epistaxis.In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH,Thomas JR, Harker LA, Flint PW (eds). Otolaryngology:Head & Neck Surgery. 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2005:942-960.
  • Tomkinson A, Bremmer-Smith A, Craven C, Roblin DG. Hospital epistaxis rate and ambient temperature. Clin Otolaryngol 1995; : 239-240.
  • Viducich RA, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 25: 596.
  • Petruson B. Epistaxis in childhood. Rhinology 1979; 17:83-90
  • Beran M, Petruson B. Changes in the nasal mucosa of habitual nose-bleeders. Acta Otolaryngol 1986; 102:308-314.
  • Doyle DE. Anterior epistaxis: a new nasal tampon for fast, effec- tive control. Laryngoscope. 1986;96: 279-281.
  • Damrose JF, Maddalozzo J. Pediatric epistaxis. Laryngoscope ;116: 387-393. Katsanis E, Luke KH, Hsu E, Li M, Lillicrap D. Prevalence and significance of mild bleeding disorders in chidren with recurrent epistaxis.J Pediatr 1998;113:73-76.
  • Sandoval C, Dong S, Visintainer P, Ozkaynak MF, Jayabose S. Clinical and laboratory features of 178 children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24: 47-49.
  • Beran M, Petruson B. Occurrence of epistaxis in habitual nose- bleeders and analysis of some etiological factors. ORL J Otorhi- nolaryngol Relat Spec. 1986;48: 297-303.
  • Kiley V, Stuart JJ, Johnson CA. Coagulation studies in children with isolated recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr 1982;100:579-581.
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA38KJ95YH
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Medeni Asma This is me

Vildan Koşan Çulha This is me

Tülin Revide Şaylı This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2009
Submission Date December 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Asma M, Çulha VK, Şaylı TR. THE CAUSES OF EPISTAXIS IN CHILDREN. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2009;3(1):5-9.


The publication language of Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease is English.


Manuscripts submitted to the Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease will go through a double-blind peer-review process. Each submission will be reviewed by at least two external, independent peer reviewers who are experts in the field, in order to ensure an unbiased evaluation process. The editorial board will invite an external and independent editor to manage the evaluation processes of manuscripts submitted by editors or by the editorial board members of the journal. The Editor in Chief is the final authority in the decision-making process for all submissions. Articles accepted for publication in the Turkish Journal of Pediatrics are put in the order of publication, with at least 10 original articles in each issue, taking into account the acceptance dates. If the articles sent to the reviewers for evaluation are assessed as a senior for publication by the reviewers, the section editor and the editor considering all aspects (originality, high scientific quality and citation potential), it receives publication priority in addition to the articles assigned for the next issue.


The aim of the Turkish Journal of Pediatrics is to publish high-quality original research articles that will contribute to the international literature in the field of general pediatric health and diseases and its sub-branches. It also publishes editorial opinions, letters to the editor, reviews, case reports, book reviews, comments on previously published articles, meeting and conference proceedings, announcements, and biography. In addition to the field of child health and diseases, the journal also includes articles prepared in fields such as surgery, dentistry, public health, nutrition and dietetics, social services, human genetics, basic sciences, psychology, psychiatry, educational sciences, sociology and nursing, provided that they are related to this field. can be published.