Research Article
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Diagnostic Approach of Malformations of Cortical Development in Children: Data of Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging of 36 Patients

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 5, 365 - 372, 23.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.899026

Abstract

Objective: Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are rare central nervous system abnormalities that are caused by disruption of normal cortical development stages, including neural cell proliferation, cell type differentiation, neuronal migration, and final neuronal positioning. It has different phenotypic presentations which largely depend on the underlying cause of the disorder and is associated with other neurologic and systemic disorders. MCD frequently present with seizures, various degrees of developmental delay, and intellectual disability.

Material and Methods: The findings of clinical, laboratory, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging of thirty-six patients
diagnosed with MCD in the last five years have been reported. Responses to drug therapies in epileptic patients and phenotypic
expressions in patients with the genetically proved mutation were also reviewed.

Results: Developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures (%72) were the main clinical findings. MCD has been recognized with
magnetic resonance imaging in all patients. Diffuse cortical malformations have been detected in a third of our patients. Single and/or
multiple brain lobe involvements have been determined in other patients. Congenital muscular dystrophy was the most diagnosed disease
in the patients who had elucidated with genetic tests.

Conclusion: Seizures, developmental delay, and intellectual disability could be caused by many disorders including MCD. The type and
diffusiveness of the MCD, associated neurologic and systemic findings should be accurately evaluated. Recent developments in genetic
methods have improved the accurate diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and treatment planning strategies in patients with MCD.

References

  • Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI, Dobyns WB, Jackson GD, Becker LE, Evrard P. A classification scheme for malformations of cortical development. Neuropediatrics 1996;27:59-63.
  • Raybaud C, Widjaja E. Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2011;21:483-543, vii.
  • Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012;135:1348-69.
  • Severino M, Geraldo AF, Utz N, Tortora D, Pogledic I, Klonowski W, et al. Definitions and classification of malformations of cortical development: practical guidelines. Brain 2020;143:2874-94.
  • LoTurco JJ, Booker AB. Chapter 26-Neuronal Migration Disorders. In: Rubenstein JLR, Rakic P, editors. Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections. Oxford: Academic Press 2013:481-94.
  • Dobyns WB, Leventer RJ, Guerrini R. Malformations of Cortical Development. In: Swaiman KF, editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology 2018:520-49.
  • Naumburg E, Strömberg B, Kieler H. Prenatal characteristics of infants with a neuronal migration disorder: a national-based study. Int J Pediatr 2012;2012:541892.
  • Kuzniecky RI. Magnetic resonance imaging in developmental disorders of the cerebral cortex. Epilepsia 1994;35 Suppl 6:S44-56.
  • Pasquier B, Péoc HM, Fabre-Bocquentin B, Bensaadi L, Pasquier D, Hoffmann D, et al. Surgical pathology of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. A 10-year-experience with a series of 327 consecutive resections. Epileptic Disord 2002;4:99-119.
  • Lee J. Malformations of cortical development: genetic mechanisms and diagnostic approach. Korean J Pediatr 2017;60:1-9.
  • Roll P, Rudolf G, Pereira S, Royer B, Scheffer IE, Massacrier A, et al. SRPX2 mutations in disorders of language cortex and cognition. Human Molecular Genetics 2006;15:1195-207.

Çocuklarda Kortikal Gelişimsel Malformasyonlara Tanısal Yaklaşım: 36 Hastanın Klinik, Görüntüleme ve Laboratuvar Verileri

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 5, 365 - 372, 23.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.899026

Abstract

Amaç: Kortikal gelişimsel malformasyonlar (KGM) nöronal hücrelerin gelişimi, göçü ve yerleşim evrelerinde görülen bozukluklar nedeniyle ortaya çıkan ve nadir görülen santral sinir istemi anomalileridir. Etyoloji, eşlik edebilen diğer nörolojik ve sistemik durumlar nedeniyle oldukça heterojen fenotip çeşitliliğe sahip olan KGM, en sık olarak nöbet, motor ve bilişsel gerilik bulgularından bir veya birkaçının bir arada bulunduğu tablo ile ortaya çıkar.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Son beş yıl içinde KGM tanısı alan 36 hastanın klinik, laboratuvar, elektrofizyolojik ve görüntüleme bulguları sunulmuştur. Genetik testlerle kesin mutasyon gösterilebilen hastaların fenotipi, epilepsisi olan hastalarda ilaç yanıtları gözden geçirilmiştir.


Bulgular:
Hastaların en sık başvuru nedeninin motor ve bilişsel gerilik olduğu ve %72 hastada nöbetlerin eşlik ettiği saptandı. Hastaların üçte birinde tüm beyin loblarını tutan yaygın KGM, üçte ikisinde bir ya da birden çok lobu içeren malformasyon olduğu görüldü. Genetik mutasyonu gösterilen sekiz hastanın yarısında saptanmış olan konjenital müsküler distrofi en sık saptanan genetik tanılı durumdu. Hastaların tümünde KGM görüntüleme yöntemleriyle saptandı.

Sonuç: Oldukça geniş bir etyolojiye sahip olan nöbetler, motor ve bilişsel geriliğin bir arada olduğu klinik ile başvuran hastalarda görüntüleme yöntemleriyle saptanmış olan KGM’nin tipi, yaygınlığı, eşlik eden diğer santral sinir sistemi anormallikleri ve muayene bulguları tanı aşamasında yol göstericidir. Tüm bulgular bir arada değerlendirilerek bir sonraki aşamada yapılacak testler belirlenmelidir. Genetik bilimindeki gelişmeler, yeni teknikler ve yaygınlaşan test imkânları bu hastalıkların tanısı, tedavi seçenekleri ve prognozlarının öngörülmesinde ve genetik danışma ve planlamalar açısından önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Barkovich AJ, Kuzniecky RI, Dobyns WB, Jackson GD, Becker LE, Evrard P. A classification scheme for malformations of cortical development. Neuropediatrics 1996;27:59-63.
  • Raybaud C, Widjaja E. Development and dysgenesis of the cerebral cortex: malformations of cortical development. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2011;21:483-543, vii.
  • Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012;135:1348-69.
  • Severino M, Geraldo AF, Utz N, Tortora D, Pogledic I, Klonowski W, et al. Definitions and classification of malformations of cortical development: practical guidelines. Brain 2020;143:2874-94.
  • LoTurco JJ, Booker AB. Chapter 26-Neuronal Migration Disorders. In: Rubenstein JLR, Rakic P, editors. Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections. Oxford: Academic Press 2013:481-94.
  • Dobyns WB, Leventer RJ, Guerrini R. Malformations of Cortical Development. In: Swaiman KF, editor. Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology 2018:520-49.
  • Naumburg E, Strömberg B, Kieler H. Prenatal characteristics of infants with a neuronal migration disorder: a national-based study. Int J Pediatr 2012;2012:541892.
  • Kuzniecky RI. Magnetic resonance imaging in developmental disorders of the cerebral cortex. Epilepsia 1994;35 Suppl 6:S44-56.
  • Pasquier B, Péoc HM, Fabre-Bocquentin B, Bensaadi L, Pasquier D, Hoffmann D, et al. Surgical pathology of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. A 10-year-experience with a series of 327 consecutive resections. Epileptic Disord 2002;4:99-119.
  • Lee J. Malformations of cortical development: genetic mechanisms and diagnostic approach. Korean J Pediatr 2017;60:1-9.
  • Roll P, Rudolf G, Pereira S, Royer B, Scheffer IE, Massacrier A, et al. SRPX2 mutations in disorders of language cortex and cognition. Human Molecular Genetics 2006;15:1195-207.
There are 11 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Authors

Cengiz Havalı 0000-0001-6275-0884

Derya Bako This is me 0000-0003-0642-6793

Publication Date September 23, 2021
Submission Date April 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 15 Issue: 5

Cite

Vancouver Havalı C, Bako D. Çocuklarda Kortikal Gelişimsel Malformasyonlara Tanısal Yaklaşım: 36 Hastanın Klinik, Görüntüleme ve Laboratuvar Verileri. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2021;15(5):365-72.


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