Türkiye's Offshore Hybrid Energy Potential and Cost Estimation in the Eastern Mediterranean

Abstract

The major target of this study is to determine the hybrid energy potential, as a renewable energy source, in the Eastern Mediterranean region. The most important motivation of this study is that the Eastern Mediterranean zone has a significant hydrocarbon potential in addition to its geopolitical value. Hence, the hydrocarbon platforms in the region constitute the main framework of this novel research. Wind, solar and wave energy potentials and cost estimation of 6 selected locations in the Eastern Mediterranean are analyzed. The analysis is based on the needs of the platforms, i.e. if the energy is produced more than the needs of the platforms, the hydrogen is produced by electrolysis. The cost estimation of the system is carried out by assuming not only the situation of the produced hydrogen but also the transportation of the hydrogen to the mainland. According the results of the analyzes, it has been shown that the Eastern Mediterranean has a very high wind, solar, and wave energy potential due to the fact that Crete and Rhodes Islands form a natural strait. As a conclusion different transmission scenarios of the hydrogen to the mainland shows that the energy required by the platforms can be provided by renewable energy sources, regardless of their power.

Keywords

• Offshore Renewable Energy Sources
• Hydrogen Production
• Hydrogen Transmission
• Cost Analysis

References

1. Dincer I, Javani N, Karayel GK. Hydrogen farm concept: A Perspective for Turkey. Int J Energy Res 2021;39:er.7086. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7086.
2. Acar C, Dincer I. Comparative assessment of hydrogen production methods from renewable and non-renewable sources. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2014;39:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.10.060.
3. Karmendra Kumar Agrawal, Shibani Khanra Jha, Ravi Kant Mittal SV. Assessment of floating solar PV (FSPV) potential and water conservation: Case study on Rajghat Dam in Uttar Pradesh, India. Energy Sustain Dev 2022:287–95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.12.007.
4. Rezaei M, Mostafaeipour A, Qolipour M, Arabnia HR. Hydrogen production using wind energy from sea water: A case study on Southern and Northern coasts of Iran. Energy Environ 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X17750052.
5. Siyal SH, Mentis D, Mörtberg U, Samo SR, Howells M. A preliminary assessment of wind generated hydrogen production potential to reduce the gasoline fuel used in road transport sector of Sweden. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.108.
6. Abdalla AM, Hossain S, Nisfindy OB, Azad AT, Dawood M, Azad AK. Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review. Energy Convers Manag 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.088.
7. Dincer I. Green methods for hydrogen production. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012;37:1954–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.173.
8. Çelikdemir, Soner and Özdemir MT. Turkey’s Offshore Hybrid Energy Potential and Techno-Economic Analysis in the Eastern Mediterranean. 5 Th Int Hydrog Technol Congr 2021.

9. Çelikdemir, Soner and Özdemir MT. TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE WIND POWER PLANT. TÜBA World Conf Energy Sci Technol 2021.
10. Çelikdemir, Soner and Özdemir MT. A New Alternative Solution for Wind Power Plants. Int Conf Ser Altern Fuels, Energy Environ Futur Challenges 2021.
11. Çelikdemir S, Özdemir MT. A new approach in the cost estimation of a hydroelectric power plants in Türkiye based on geographical features. Int J Energy Res 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8384.
12. Zodiatis G, Galanis G, Nikolaidis A, Kalogeri C, Hayes D, Georgiou GC, et al. Wave energy potential in the Eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin. An integrated 10-year study. Renew Energy 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.051.
13. Nematollahi O, Alamdari P, Jahangiri M, Sedaghat A, Alemrajabi AA. A techno-economical assessment of solar/wind resources and hydrogen production: A case study with GIS maps. Energy 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.125.
14. Gökçek M, Kale C. Techno-economical evaluation of a hydrogen refuelling station powered by Wind-PV hybrid power system: A case study for İzmir-çeşme. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.01.082.
15. Loisel R, Baranger L, Chemouri N, Spinu S, Pardo S. Economic evaluation of hybrid off-shore wind power and hydrogen storage system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.03.117.
16. Armijo J, Philibert C. Flexible production of green hydrogen and ammonia from variable solar and wind energy: Case study of Chile and Argentina. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.11.028.
17. Calado G, Castro R. Hydrogen Production from Offshore Wind Parks: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Appl Sci 2021;11:5561. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125561.
18. Sun F, Qin J, Wang Z, Yu M, Wu X, Sun X, et al. Energy-saving hydrogen production by chlorine-free hybrid seawater splitting coupling hydrazine degradation. Nat Commun 2021;12:4182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24529-3.
19. Proost J. State-of-the art CAPEX data for water electrolysers, and their impact on renewable hydrogen price settings. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.07.164.
20. Peters R, Vaessen J, Van Der Meer R. Offshore hydrogen production in the north sea enables far offshore wind development. Proc. Annu. Offshore Technol. Conf., 2020. https://doi.org/10.4043/30698-ms.
21. Dinh VN, Leahy P, McKeogh E, Murphy J, Cummins V. Development of a viability assessment model for hydrogen production from dedicated offshore wind farms. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.04.232.
22. Sellami MH, Loudiyi K. Electrolytes behavior during hydrogen production by solar energy. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.034.
23. Mohamed B, Ali B, Ahmed B, Ahmed B, Salah L, Rachid D. Study of hydrogen production by solar energy as tool of storing and utilization renewable energy for the desert areas. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.034.
24. Oliveira-Pinto S, Rosa-Santos P, Taveira-Pinto F. Electricity supply to offshore oil and gas platforms from renewable ocean wave energy: Overview and case study analysis. Energy Convers Manag 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.02.050.
25. Ishaq H, Dincer I. Comparative assessment of renewable energy-based hydrogen production methods. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110192.
26. Ishaq H, Dincer I. A comparative evaluation of OTEC, solar and wind energy based systems for clean hydrogen production. J Clean Prod 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118736.
27. Yuksel YE, Ozturk M, Dincer I. Development and assessment of a novel geothermal power-based multigenerational system with hydrogen and ammonia production options. Energy Convers Manag 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114365.
28. Oliveira-Pinto S, Rosa-Santos P, Taveira-Pinto F. Assessment of the potential of combining wave and solar energy resources to power supply worldwide offshore oil and gas platforms. Energy Convers Manag 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113299.
29. Haces-Fernandez F, Li H, Ramirez D. Assessment of the potential of energy extracted from waves and wind to supply offshore oil platforms operating in the gulf of Mexico. Energies 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051084.
30. Yıldız S, Gunduz H, Yildirim B, Temel Özdemir M. An islanded microgrid energy system with an innovative frequency controller integrating hydrogen-fuel cell. Fuel 2022;326:125005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125005.
31. Daghan IH, Gencoglu MT, Ozdemir MT. Chaos Embedded Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Solving Optimal Power Flow Problem. 18th IEEE Int. Multi-Conference Syst. Signals Devices, SSD 2021, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/SSD52085.2021.9429520.
32. Özdemir MT. Optimal parameter estimation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells model with chaos embedded particle swarm optimization. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2021;46:16465–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.203.
33. ÖZDEMİR MT. A novel optimum PI controller design based on stability boundary locus supported particle swarm optimization in AVR system. TURKISH J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2021;29:291–309. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1910-81.
34. He W, Uhlen K, Hadiya M, Chen Z, Shi G, del Rio E. Case Study of Integrating an Offshore Wind Farm with Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms and with an Onshore Electrical Grid. J Renew Energy 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/607165.
35. Tuna F. Türk Dış Politikasında Realist Yaklaşım: Türkiye’nin Doğu Akdeniz ve Libya Politikası. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sos Bilim Araştırmaları Derg 2020.
36. Çelikdemir S, Özdemir MT. Adilcevaz Bölgesinde Rüzgar Enerji Potansiyelinin İncelenmesi. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilim Derg 2020. https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.526670. [ Majidi Nezhad M, Groppi D, Marzialetti P, Fusilli L, Laneve G, Cumo F, et al. Wind energy potential analysis using Sentinel-1 satellite: A review and a case study on Mediterranean islands. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.059.
37. Onea F, Deleanu L, Rusu L, Georgescu C. Evaluation of the wind energy potential along the Mediterranean Sea coasts. Energy Explor Exploit 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598716659592.
38. Soukissian TH, Denaxa D, Karathanasi F, Prospathopoulos A, Sarantakos K, Iona A, et al. Marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Status and perspectives. Energies 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101512.
39. Alexandri G, Georgoulias AK, Meleti C, Balis D, Kourtidis KA, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, et al. A high resolution satellite view of surface solar radiation over the climatically sensitive region of Eastern Mediterranean. Atmos Res 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.12.015.
40. Nikolaidis G, Karaolia A, Matsikaris A, Nikolaidis A, Nicolaides M, Georgiou GC. Blue energy potential analysis in the Mediterranean. Front Energy Res 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00062.
41. Dincer I. Covid-19 coronavirus: Closing carbon age, but opening hydrogen age. Int J Energy Res 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5569.
42. Nikolaidis P, Poullikkas A. A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044.
43. Dagdougui H, Ouammi A, Sacile R. A regional decision support system for onsite renewable hydrogen production from solar and wind energy sources. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.050.
44. Vicker J, Peterson D, Randolph K. Cost of Electrolytic Hydrogen Production with Existing Technology. Am Deparment Energy United Staes Am 2020.
45. Singh S, Jain S, Ps V, Tiwari AK, Nouni MR, Pandey JK, et al. Hydrogen: A sustainable fuel for future of the transport sector. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.040.
46. Reuß M, Grube T, Robinius M, Preuster P, Wasserscheid P, Stolten D. Seasonal storage and alternative carriers: A flexible hydrogen supply chain model. Appl Energy 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.050.
47. Balat M. Potential importance of hydrogen as a future solution to environmental and transportation problems. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.047.
48. Liu H, Almansoori A, Fowler M, Elkamel A. Analysis of Ontario’s hydrogen economy demands from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.03.029.
49. Effiom SO, Nwankwojike BN, Abam FI. Economic cost evaluation on the viability of offshore wind turbine farms in Nigeria. Energy Reports 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2016.03.001.
50. Goswami A, Sadhu P, Goswami U, Sadhu PK. Floating solar power plant for sustainable development: A techno-economic analysis. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13268.