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The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective

Year 2023, , 82 - 87, 22.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1291146

Abstract

Shotcrete is a construction material that is applied by spraying under high pressure, and there are many factors that affect its properties. In this study, the effect of cement dosage and water-to-cement ratio on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage performance of shotcrete was investigated. For this purpose, shotcrete specimens were produced using three different water-to-cement ratios (0.40, 0.45, 0.50) and three different cement dosages (400, 450, 500). The unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and drying shrinkage performance of the produced specimens were examined. As a result of the experimental studies, an increase in cement dosage resulted in an increase in unit weight values, with the amount of increase ranging from approximately 1% to 3%. When the UPV value was examined, an increase in cement dosage resulted in an increase in UPV values, with an increase of approximately 1% to 5%. An increase in cement dosage also resulted in an increase in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength values, with the increase ranging from approximately 12%-16%, 5%-9%, and 10%-12% for the 500, 450, and 400 dosage groups, respectively. The drying shrinkage values increased with increasing cement dosage, the highest shrinkage values occurred in the groups with 0.50 water/cement ratio and 500 dosage, and it was observed that 85-95% of the total shrinkage of the shotcrete specimens was completed within the first 1 hour. Furthermore, the data obtained can be used to determine the optimum water/cement ratio and cement dosage for the construction of shotcrete.

References

  • Salvador, R. P., Cavalaro, S. H., Segura, I., Figueiredo, A. D., & Pérez, J. Early age hydration of cement pastes with alkaline and alkali-free accelerators for sprayed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2016; 111, 386-398.
  • Jolin, M., Beaupre, D. Understanding wet-mix shotcrete: mix design, specifications, and placement. Shotcrete, 2013; 1, 6-12.
  • Cengiz, O., Turanli, L. Comparative evaluation of steel mesh, steel fiber and high-performance polypropylene fiber reinforced shotcrete in panel test. Cement and concrete research, 2004; 34(8), 1357-1364.
  • Franzen, T., Garshol, K. F., Tomisawa, N. Sprayed concrete for final linings: ITA working 4. group report. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2001; 4(16), 295-309.
  • Melbye, T. A., Dimmock, R. H. Modern advances and applications of sprayed concrete. Shotcrete: Engineering Developments, 2020; 7-29.
  • Wyatt, C. L., Privalʹskiĭ, V. E., Datla, R. U. Recommended practice; symbols, terms, units and uncertainty analysis for radiometric sensor calibration. US Department of Commerce, 1998.
  • Chen, L., Liu, G. Airflow-dust migration law and control technology under the simultaneous operations of shotcreting and drilling in roadways. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2019; 44, 4961-4969.
  • Chen, L., Li, P., Liu, G., Cheng, W., & Liu, Z. Development of cement dust suppression technology during shotcrete in mine of China-A review. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2018; 55, 232-242.
  • Zhou, W., Nie, W., Liu, C., Liu, Q., Hetang, W., Wei, C., Xu, C. Modelling of ventilation and dust control effects during tunnel construction. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2019; 160, 358-371.
  • Nie, W., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Wei, W., Peng, H., Cai, P., Jin, H. The development and testing of a novel external-spraying injection dedusting device for the heading machine in a fully-mechanized excavation face. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2017; 109, 716-731.
  • Çakıroğlu, M. A., Kaplan, A. N., Süzen, A. A. Experimental and DBN-Based neural network extraction of radiation attenuation coefficient of dry mixture shotcrete produced using different additives. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2021; 188, 109636.
  • Türkmen, İ. I. M., Gül, R., Çel [idot] k, C., Dem [idot] rboğa, R. Determination by the Taguchi method of optimum conditions for mechanical properties of high strength concrete with admixtures of silica fume and blast furnace slag. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2003; 20(2), 105-118.
  • ASTM C 150-07, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.01, ASTM International, 2009.
  • EFNARC, European Specification for Sprayed Concrete, UK, 1996.
  • EN, TS. "1015-10. Kâgir harcı-Deney metotları-Bölüm 10: Sertleşmiş harcın boşluklu kuru birim hacim kütlesinin tayini." TSE, Ankara, 2001.
  • ASTM C 597. Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Pennsylvania. 1979; USA.
  • TS EN 12390-3. Sertleşmiş Beton Deneyleri Bölüm 3: Deney Numunelerinin Basınç Dayanımını Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. 2010; Ankara.
  • TS EN 12390-6. Testing hardened concrete- Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens. Turkish Standards Institution, 2010; Ankara.

The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective

Year 2023, , 82 - 87, 22.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1291146

Abstract

Shotcrete is a construction material that is applied by spraying under high pressure, and there are many factors that affect its properties. In this study, the effect of cement dosage and water-to-cement ratio on the compressive strength and drying shrinkage performance of shotcrete was investigated. For this purpose, shotcrete specimens were produced using three different water-to-cement ratios (0.40, 0.45, 0.50) and three different cement dosages (400, 450, 500). The unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and drying shrinkage performance of the produced specimens were examined. As a result of the experimental studies, an increase in cement dosage resulted in an increase in unit weight values, with the amount of increase ranging from approximately 1% to 3%. When the UPV value was examined, an increase in cement dosage resulted in an increase in UPV values, with an increase of approximately 1% to 5%. An increase in cement dosage also resulted in an increase in compressive strength and splitting tensile strength values, with the increase ranging from approximately 12%-16%, 5%-9%, and 10%-12% for the 500, 450, and 400 dosage groups, respectively. The drying shrinkage values increased with increasing cement dosage, the highest shrinkage values occurred in the groups with 0.50 water/cement ratio and 500 dosage, and it was observed that 85-95% of the total shrinkage of the shotcrete specimens was completed within the first 1 hour. Furthermore, the data obtained can be used to determine the optimum water/cement ratio and cement dosage for the construction of shotcrete.

References

  • Salvador, R. P., Cavalaro, S. H., Segura, I., Figueiredo, A. D., & Pérez, J. Early age hydration of cement pastes with alkaline and alkali-free accelerators for sprayed concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 2016; 111, 386-398.
  • Jolin, M., Beaupre, D. Understanding wet-mix shotcrete: mix design, specifications, and placement. Shotcrete, 2013; 1, 6-12.
  • Cengiz, O., Turanli, L. Comparative evaluation of steel mesh, steel fiber and high-performance polypropylene fiber reinforced shotcrete in panel test. Cement and concrete research, 2004; 34(8), 1357-1364.
  • Franzen, T., Garshol, K. F., Tomisawa, N. Sprayed concrete for final linings: ITA working 4. group report. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2001; 4(16), 295-309.
  • Melbye, T. A., Dimmock, R. H. Modern advances and applications of sprayed concrete. Shotcrete: Engineering Developments, 2020; 7-29.
  • Wyatt, C. L., Privalʹskiĭ, V. E., Datla, R. U. Recommended practice; symbols, terms, units and uncertainty analysis for radiometric sensor calibration. US Department of Commerce, 1998.
  • Chen, L., Liu, G. Airflow-dust migration law and control technology under the simultaneous operations of shotcreting and drilling in roadways. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2019; 44, 4961-4969.
  • Chen, L., Li, P., Liu, G., Cheng, W., & Liu, Z. Development of cement dust suppression technology during shotcrete in mine of China-A review. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2018; 55, 232-242.
  • Zhou, W., Nie, W., Liu, C., Liu, Q., Hetang, W., Wei, C., Xu, C. Modelling of ventilation and dust control effects during tunnel construction. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2019; 160, 358-371.
  • Nie, W., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Wei, W., Peng, H., Cai, P., Jin, H. The development and testing of a novel external-spraying injection dedusting device for the heading machine in a fully-mechanized excavation face. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2017; 109, 716-731.
  • Çakıroğlu, M. A., Kaplan, A. N., Süzen, A. A. Experimental and DBN-Based neural network extraction of radiation attenuation coefficient of dry mixture shotcrete produced using different additives. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2021; 188, 109636.
  • Türkmen, İ. I. M., Gül, R., Çel [idot] k, C., Dem [idot] rboğa, R. Determination by the Taguchi method of optimum conditions for mechanical properties of high strength concrete with admixtures of silica fume and blast furnace slag. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 2003; 20(2), 105-118.
  • ASTM C 150-07, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.01, ASTM International, 2009.
  • EFNARC, European Specification for Sprayed Concrete, UK, 1996.
  • EN, TS. "1015-10. Kâgir harcı-Deney metotları-Bölüm 10: Sertleşmiş harcın boşluklu kuru birim hacim kütlesinin tayini." TSE, Ankara, 2001.
  • ASTM C 597. Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete.Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Pennsylvania. 1979; USA.
  • TS EN 12390-3. Sertleşmiş Beton Deneyleri Bölüm 3: Deney Numunelerinin Basınç Dayanımını Tayini. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü. 2010; Ankara.
  • TS EN 12390-6. Testing hardened concrete- Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens. Turkish Standards Institution, 2010; Ankara.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Polat 0000-0003-1521-0695

Cengiz Özel 0000-0002-2715-1680

Publication Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Polat, H., & Özel, C. (2023). The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 12(2), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1291146
AMA Polat H, Özel C. The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective. TDFD. June 2023;12(2):82-87. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1291146
Chicago Polat, Hasan, and Cengiz Özel. “The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 12, no. 2 (June 2023): 82-87. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1291146.
EndNote Polat H, Özel C (June 1, 2023) The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12 2 82–87.
IEEE H. Polat and C. Özel, “The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective”, TDFD, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 82–87, 2023, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1291146.
ISNAD Polat, Hasan - Özel, Cengiz. “The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12/2 (June 2023), 82-87. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1291146.
JAMA Polat H, Özel C. The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective. TDFD. 2023;12:82–87.
MLA Polat, Hasan and Cengiz Özel. “The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, 2023, pp. 82-87, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1291146.
Vancouver Polat H, Özel C. The Effects of Water/Cement Ratio and Cement Dosage Variables on the Performance of Shotcrete: Compressive Strength and Drying Shrinkage Perspective. TDFD. 2023;12(2):82-7.