Experimental Study to Determine the Backscattering, Asymmetry, and Tailing Factors for Some Elements in the Atomic Number Range of 4≤Z≤48 at 59.54 keV Using the Gamma Backscattering Method

Abstract

This experimental study has been carried out by using gamma backscattering method which is a non-destructive method. Some elements which are in the atomic number range of 4≤Z≤48 have been used as backscatterer samples to investigate the variation of backscattering factor, asymmetry factor, and tailing factor with atomic number. These samples were irradiated by γ-rays of 59.54 keV energy emitted from a 10 μCi 241Am point radioactive source. To count the backscattered photons from samples, a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) with a resolution of 182 eV at 5.9 keV and active area of 200 mm2 was used. It was concluded that the count rate and backscattering factor increased with increasing atomic number, but the coherent to backscattering ratio, asymmetry factor, and tailing factor decreased.

Keywords

• Backscattering
• backscattering factor
• asymmetry factor
• tailing factor
• HPGe detector

References

1. Udagani C. Study of gamma backscattering and saturation thickness estimation for granite and glass. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invention. 2013;2(6):82-86.
2. Udagani C. Study of Gamma Ray Backscattering with Special Reference to Admixture of Kerosene and Petrol. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2014; 3(7): 1659-1662.
3. Almayahi BA. Backscattering factor measurements of gamma rays of the different thickness of pure concrete. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci. 2015;8(3):389-392.
4. Singh I, Singh B, Sandhu BS, Sabharwal AD. Experimental evaluation of effective atomic number of composite materials using backscattering of gamma photons. Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids. 2017;172(3-4):204-215.
5. Singh I, Singh B, Sandhu BS, Sabharwal AD. Determination of effective atomic number of biomedical samples using Gamma ray back-scattering. 2nd International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics, ICC 2017. AIP Conference Proceedings; 2017. 1953(1):140134-1-140134-4.
6. Kiran KU, Ravindraswami K, Eshwarappa KM, Somashekarappa HM. Effective atomic number of composite materials by Compton scattering- nondestructive evaluation method. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 2014; 5(3):316-325.
7. Kiran KU, Ravindraswami K, Eshwarappa KM, Somashekarappa HM. Effective atomic number of selected construction materials using gamma backscattering technique. Ann. Nucl. Energy. 2015; 85:1077-1084.
8. Uzunoğlu Z, Yılmaz D, Şahin Y. Determination of the multiple scattered fraction as a function of target thickness. Can. J. Phys. 2017; 95(6):1-5.

9. Ravindraswami K, Kiran KU, Eshwarappa KM, Somashekarappa HM. Nondestructive evaluation of selected polymers by multiple scattering of 662 keV gamma rays. J Radioanal Nucl. Chem. 2014; 300:997–1003.
10. Sharma R, Sharma JK, Singh T. Effective Atomic Numbers for Some Alloys at 662 keV Using Gamma Rays Backscattering Technique. Phys. Sci. Int. J. 2016;11(1):1-6.
11. Wirawan R, Angraini LM, Qomariyah N, Waris A, Djamal M. Gamma backscattering analysis of flaw types and orientation based on Monte Carlo GEANT4 simulations. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2020; 155:1-7.
12. Sabharwal AD, Singh S, Singh B, Sandhu BS. Albedo factors of 279, 320, 511 and 662 keV backscattered gamma photons. Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids. 2011;166(6):451-458.
13. Naji AT, Jaafar MS, Ali EA, Al-Ani SKJ. Effect of Backscattered Radiation on X-Ray Image Contrast. Appl. Phys. Res. 2017; 9(1):105-114.
14. Qutub MAZ. Photon backscattering for various stainless-steel thicknesses from 0.25 to 20 MeV using Monte Carlo simulation FLUKA code. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2023; 202:1-7.
15. Özdemir Y, Kavaz E, Ahmadi N, Ertuğrul M, Ekinci N. Investigation of K X-ray intensity ratios of some 4d transition metals depending on the temperature. Appl. Radiat. and Isot. 2016; 115:147–154.
16. Gotmar G, Fornstedt T, Guiochonb G. Peak tailing and mass transfer kinetics in linear chromatography Dependence on the column length and the linear velocity of the mobile phase. J. Chromatogr. A. 1999; 831:17–35.
17. Wahab MF, Patel DC, Armstrong DW. Total peak shape analysis: detection and quantitation of concurrent fronting, tailing, and their effect on asymmetry measurements. J. Chromatogr. A. 2017; 509:163–170.
18. Tsoulfanidis, N. (1983). Measurement and detection ofradiation. NewYork: Mc- Graww- Hill. [19] Adams, F., Dams, R., 1970. Applied Gamma Ray Spectrometry, Pergamon Press, 8, Oxford, U.K.