İklim Değişikliğinin Sağlık Etkilerinin Ele Alınması: Kapsam Derlemesi

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin sonuçları insan sağlığını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, iklim ve sağlık alanındaki çalışmaların bugüne kadarki ilerlemesini özetlemek ve gelecekteki araştırmalara ışık tutmaktır. PRISMA-ScR (Sistematik İncelemeler ve Meta-Analizler için Tercih Edilen Raporlama Öğeleri) kontrol listesi çalışmayı yönlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. 13 Eylül 2024 tarihinde, PubMed ve Google Scholar kullanılarak 2019'dan 2024'e kadar olan dönemi kapsayan bir literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Derlenen çalışmaların 65'i (%40,12) Avrupa'dan, 43'ü (%26,54) Asya'dan, 34'ü (%20,98) Kuzey Amerika'dandı. Derlenen çalışmalar arasında en sık kullanılan araştırma türleri derleme (%31,48) ve modelleme çalışmaları (%20,37) olmuştur. Derlenen çalışmalarda en sık kullanılan iklim değişikliği kanıt kategorisi “aşırı hava olayları ve sıcak/soğuk hava dalgaları” olmuştur. Derlenen çalışmalarda en sık elde edilen sağlık etkileri kategorisi “sıcak ve soğuğa bağlı hastalıklar” olmuştur. Bu derleme, son beş yılda iklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerine dair yapılan araştırmaları özetlemekte ve bilgi boşlukları ile araştırma önceliklerini belirlemektedir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, iklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkilerini daha iyi anlamak için nicel ve nitel yöntemleri birleştirerek, sağlık risklerini ölçmeli ve etkili müdahaleler geliştirilmelidir.

Keywords

• İklim değişikliği
• Sağlık etkileri
• Halk sağlığı
• Kapsam derlemesi

Considering the Health Effects of Climate Change: A Scoping Review

Abstract

The consequences of climate change significantly affect human health. The purpose of this review is to outline the progress of studies in the field of climate and health to date and to shed light on future research. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist was used to guide the study. A literature search was conducted on September 13, 2024, using PubMed and Google Scholar, covering the period from 2019 to 2024. Of the included studies, 65(40.12%) were from Europe, 43(26.54%) from Asia, and 34 (20.98%) from North America. The most commonly used research types included were reviews (%31.48) and modelling studies (%20.37). The most frequently used climate change evidence category in the included studies were “extreme weather events and heat/cold air waves”. The most frequently obtained health effects category in the compiled studies was "diseases related to heat and cold". This review summarizes research conducted in the past five years on the health impacts of climate change, identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities. Future studies should combine quantitative and qualitative methods to better understand the health impacts of climate change, assess health risks, and develop effective interventions.

Keywords

• Climate change
• Health impacts
• Public health
• Scoping review

References

1. Van Daalen, Kim R et al. The 2024 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action. The Lancet Public Health, Volume 9, Issue 7, e495 - e522
2. Koder J, Dunk J, Rhodes P. Climate Distress: A Review of Current Psychological Research and Practice. Sustainability [Internet]. 16 Mayıs 2023;15(10):8115. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/10/8115,
3. Climate change [Internet]. [cited 2024 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health
4. Calvin K, Dasgupta D, Krinner G, Mukherji A, Thorne PW, Trisos C, vd. IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/
5. COP24 Special Report: Health and Climate Change [Internet]. World Health Organisation; 2018. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/WHOCOP24 Special Report_final.pdf
6. Evci Kiraz ED. Sağlık, Bir Sektör Tanımlamasına Sığmayacak Kadar “Her Şeydir”.ekoİQ [Internet]. 2023;109(COP28 Kazanım mı Hezimet mi?). Erişim adresi: https://www.ekoiq.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ekoiq-yayina-109_web.pdf
7. COP28 Health Day [Internet]. Available from:https://www.who.int/news-room/events/detail/2023/12/03/default-calendar/cop28-health-day
8. Alliance for action on climate change and health (ATACH) [Internet]. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.who.int/initiatives/alliance-for-transformative-action-on-climate-and-health

9. Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2021;11:e046333. DOI:10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-046333
10. Tol, Richard S J. 2009. "The Economic Effects of Climate Change." Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (2): 29–51. DOI: 10.1257/jep.23.2.29
11. Piloting climate change adaptation to protect human health [Internet]. UNDP, WHO; 2010 [cited 2024 Oct 30]. Available from: https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/H21/3248%20Global%20Health%20-%20WHO%20prodoc%20signature.pdf
12. İklim değişikliğinin insan sağlığına etkileri. [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.iklimin.org/egitimmateryalleri/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_DEK.pdf
13. İklim değişimine uyum eğitimi [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.iklimiduy.org/belediye-personelleri-icin-hazirlanan-iklim-degisikligine-uyum-egitimleri-tamamlandi/screenshot-1319/
14. İklimce sohbetler-Sağlık [Internet]. 2022. [cited 2024 october 2].Available from: https://iklimce.undp.org.tr/saglik/
15. Climate Models and the use of climate projections [Internet]. 2022. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/climate-health/media/pdfs/Climate_Models_and_Use_of_Climate_Projections_1.pdf
16. İklı̇m Değı̇şı̇klı̇ğı̇nı̇n Sağlık Üzerı̇ne Olumsuz Etkı̇lerı̇nı̇n Azaltılması Ulusal Programı ve Eylem Planı [Internet]. 2015. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/cevre-sagligi-db/Dokumanlar/Sunumlar/Iklim_Degisikligi_Eylem_Plani.pdf
17. Türkiye’nin İklim Değişikliği Eylem Planı ve İklim Değişikliği Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı [Internet]. 2015. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://iklim.gov.tr/eylem-planlari-i-19
18. Climate and health journal [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://climateandhealthj.org/index.php/ch
19. The Journal of Climate Change and Health 2021. [cited 2024 october 2]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-journal-of-climate-change-and-health
20. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O'Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169(7):467-73.
21. Arksey, H, OʼMalley L. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2005; 8(1):19–32.
22. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372:n71.
23. Kiraz E. İklim Değişikliğinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri. Ankara: İklim Değişikliği Eğitim Modülleri Serisi; 2019.
24. IPCC, 2023: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
25. Gasparrini A, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. The Lancet. 2015;386(9991):369-375.
26. World Health Organization (WHO). Climate change and health. Fact sheet.
27. Anderson BG, Bell ML. Weather-related mortality: how heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States. Epidemiology. 2009;20(2):205-213.
28. Ryan SJ, Carlson CJ, Mordecai EA, Johnson LR. Global expansion and redistribution of Aedes-borne virus transmission risk with climate change. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13(3):e0007213.
29. Smith KR, Woodward A, Campbell-Lendrum D, et al. Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press; 2014.
30. Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T. Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(2):123-132.
31. Watts N, et al. The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. The Lancet. 2021;398(10311):1619-1662.