Enhancement of Mechanical Performance in Epoxy Adhesive Joints through Graphene Nano Oxide Particle (GNOP) Modification

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of graphene nano oxide particle (GNOP) reinforcement on the bending performance of DP460 epoxy adhesive joints used for St37 steel repair. Patches were prepared at 90° and 120° wrap angles with 40, 50, and 60 mm lengths, and the adhesive was modified with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt.% GNOP. Results showed that increasing patch size and wrap angle improved bending strength up to 50%, while the 0.2 wt.% GNOP addition provided an optimal 30–35% enhancement in load capacity compared with unreinforced joints. Fracture analysis indicated a transition from cohesive to adhesive failure, confirming improved interfacial bonding and toughness due to uniform GNOP dispersion.

Keywords

• Graphene nano oxide particle (GNOP)
• Epoxy adhesive
• Bending performance
• Patch repair
• Interfacial bonding

Grafen Nano Oksit Partikül (GNOP) Modifikasyonu ile Epoksi Yapıştırıcı Bağlantılarında Mekanik Performansın Artırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışma, St37 çeliğinin onarımında kullanılan DP460 epoksi yapıştırıcı bağlantıların eğilme performansı üzerindeki grafen nano oksit partikülü (GNOP) takviyesinin etkisini incelemektedir. Yamalar, 40, 50 ve 60 mm uzunluklarında ve 90° ile 120° kavrama açılarına sahip olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Yapıştırıcıya ise %0.1, %0.2 ve %0.3 oranlarında GNOP ilave edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, yama boyutunun ve kavrama açısının artmasının eğilme dayanımını %50’ye kadar iyileştirdiğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca %0,2 GNOP ilavesi, takviyesiz bağlantılara kıyasla yük taşıma kapasitesinde yaklaşık %30–35 oranında optimum bir artış sağlamıştır. Kırılma analizi, bağlayıcıdan bağ yüzeyine geçiş şeklinde bir kırılma davranışı sergileyerek GNOP’un homojen dağılması sayesinde ara yüzey bağlanmasının ve tokluğun arttığını doğrulamıştır.

Keywords

• Grafen nano oksit partikülü (GNOP)
• Epoksi yapıştırıcısı
• Eğilme performansı
• Yama onarımı
• Ara yüzey bağlantısı

References

1. Gavgali E, Sahin R, Akpinar S. An investigation of the fatigue performance of adhesively bonded step-lap joints: an experimental and numerical analysis. Int J Adhesion Adhes 2021;104:102736.
2. Jia Z, Yuan G, Feng X, Zou Y, Yu J. Shear properties of polyurethane ductile adhesive at low temperatures under high strain rate conditions. Compos Part B 2019;156:292–302.
3. Xiang Y, Lang F, Liu F, Wei M, Li D, You Y. Structure and properties of polyimide/sericite composite adhesive prepared by polyamide acid salt method. J Adhes Sci Technol 2022;36:531–44.
4. Hart-Smith LJ. Analysis and design of advanced composite bounded joints (No. NASA-CR-2218). 1974: NASA.
5. Adams RD, Mallick V. The effect of temperature on the strength of adhesively-bonded composite–aluminium joints. J Adhes 1993;43:17–33.
6. Bonaccorso F, Sun Z, Hasan T, Ferrari AC. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nature photonics. 2010:4(9), 611-622.
7. Peres NM. Colloquium: The transport properties of graphene: An introduction. Reviews of modern physics. 2010:82(3), 2673-2700.
8. Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano letters. 2008: 8(3), 902-907.

9. Lee JU, Yoon D, Kim H, Lee SW, Cheong H. Thermal conductivity of suspended pristine graphene measured by Raman spectroscopy. Physical Review B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. 2011: 83(8), 081419.
10. Shah R, Kausar A, Muhammad B, Shah S. Progression from graphene and graphene oxide to high performance polymer-based nanocomposite: a review. Polym Plast Technol Eng 2015;54:173–83.
11. Chatterjee S, Nafezarefi F, Tai NH, Schlagenhauf L, Nüesch FA, Chu BTT. Size and synergy effects of nanofiller hybrids including graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes in mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Carbon 2012;50:5380–5386.
12. Kinloch AJ, Lee JH, Taylor AC, Sprenger S, Eger C, Egan D. Toughening structural adhesives via nano-and micro-phase inclusions. The Journal of Adhesion. 2003: 79(8-9), 867-873.
13. Kim BC, Park SW. Fracture toughness of the nano-particle reinforced epoxy composite. Composite structures. 2008: 86(1-3), 69-77.
14. Akpinar IA, Gürses A, Akpinar S, Gültekin K, Akbulut H, Ozel A. Investigation of mechanical and thermal properties of nanostructure-doped bulk nanocomposite adhesives. J Adhes 2018;94:847–866.
15. Wernik JM, Meguid SA. On the mechanical characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy adhesives. Mater Des 2014;59:19–32.
16. Pawlik M, Lu Y, Le H. Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys. Int J Adhes Adhes [Internet]. 2020;99(March):102591. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102591.
17. Hartwig A, Lühring A, Trautmann J. Spheroidal nanoparticles in epoxide-based adhesives. Macromol Mater Eng 2009;294:363–379.
18. Adams RD, Mallick V. The effect of temperature on the strength of adhesively-bonded composite–aluminium joints. J Adhes 1993;43:17–33.
19. Nascimento Jr H, dos Reis MO, Monteiro EC, Ávila AF. An investigation on industrial adhesive nano-modified by graphene nanoplatelets under extreme environmental conditions. Int J Adhes Adhes 2021;111:102982.
20. Jia Z, Yu J, Liu Q, Yu S, Wang Z. Functionally graded adhesive joints with exceptional strength and toughness by graphene nanoplatelets reinforced epoxy adhesives. Int J Adhes Adhes 2023;125:103402.
21. Bali G, Topkaya T. Effect of graphene nano-particle reinforcement on the fatigue behavior of adhesively bonded single lap joints. Int J Adhes Adhes 2023;120:103279.
22. Gavgali E, Sahin R, Akpinar S. Fatigue performance of adhesively bonded step-lap joints. Int J Adhes Adhes 2021;104:102736.
23. Zamani P, da Silva LFM, Masoudi Nejad R, Ghahremani Moghaddam D, Soltannia B. Experimental study on mixing ratio effect of hybrid graphene nanoplatelet/nano-silica reinforcement on the static and fatigue life of aluminum-to-GFRP bonded joints under four-point bending. Compos Struct 2022;300:116108.
24. Yar A. GNP katkılı Hibrit PVB-TEOS Nanofiberlerin Üretimi ve Karakterizasyonu. TDFD. 2020;9(1):101-106. doi:10.46810/tdfd.726874
25. Çetkin E. Investigation of the Effects of Use of GNP and GNP Reinforced Nano-Fibers with Epoxy Adhesive on Tension Tests. European Journal of Technique (EJT). 2021: 11(2), 175-181.
26. Çetkin E. Determination of the effects of GNP and nano-fibers on bonding joints. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2021:71, 27-36.
27. Ha DW, Jeon GW, Shin JS, Jeong CY. Mechanical properties of steel-aluminum multi-materials using a structural adhesive. Mater Today Commun. 2020;25:101552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101552.
28. Çakır MV, Erkliğ A, Ahmed BF. Graphene nanoparticle effect on flexural and shear behaviors of adhesively bonded single lap joints of GFRP composites. J Brazilian Soc Mech Sci Eng [Internet]. 2021;43(4):1–11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-02920-x.
29. Saeimi Sadigh MA. Studying the Effect of Different Environmental Conditions on the Tensile Strength of RGO Reinforced Adhesively Bonded Butt Joints. J Fail Anal Prev. 2016;16(6):1134–40.
30. Çakır MV, Özbek Ö. Mechanical performance and damage analysis of GNP-reinforced adhesively bonded joints under shear and bending loads. J Adhes. 2023;99(5):869–92. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2022.2060743.
31. Budakçı M, Şağban D, Korkmaz M, Kılınç I. Laminated wood material reinforced with bacterial cellulose sheets derived from kombucha pellicles: Part 1—Some physical properties. BioResources. 2025: 20(4), 8976–8992. DOI: 10.15376/biores.20.4.8976-8992
32. Kılınç I. Evaluation of Biological and Fire Resistance of Scots Pine Wood Impregnated with Commercial Copper-based Preservatives. BioResources. 2025: 20(4), 9804-9816.
33. Razavi SMJ, Ayatollahi MR, Nemati AG, Khoramishad H. Single lap joints bonded with structural adhesives reinforced with a mixture of silica nanoparticles and multi walled carbon nanotubes. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives. 2018:80, 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.10.007.
34. Chatterjee S, Wang JW, Kuo WS, Tai NH, Salzmann C, Li WL, et al. Mechanical reinforcement and thermal conductivity in expanded graphene nanoplatelets reinforced epoxy composites. Chem Phys Lett. 2012:531:6–10.