Comparative Performance Analysis of Classical and Post-Quantum Cryptography (FIPS 203/204) on ARMv8 IoT Devices Across NIST Security Levels

Abstract

In current communication technologies, classical encryption algorithms used for data transmission provide a sufficient level of security. However, it is predicted that in the future, with the widespread use of quantum computers, existing encryption algorithms, currently considered very secure, could be broken within seconds. For the post-quantum era, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published the FIPS 203 (ML-KEM) and FIPS 204 (ML-DSA) post-quantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms in 2024. This study compares existing encryption algorithms in resource-constrained environments with the FIPS 203 and FIPS 204 standard algorithms, based on the security levels (Level 1, Level 3, Level 5) published by NIST. Comparing these algorithms at the level level is important for determining the performance of PQC algorithms in resource-constrained environments when security levels are increased. During the comparison, metrics such as latency, energy consumption, memory usage, and communication overhead were analyzed. The results revealed that PQC algorithms run significantly faster than existing classical encryption algorithms, and as the security level increases, they perform at levels where classical encryption algorithms become unusable in environments with limited hardware resources.

Keywords

• Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)
• ML-KEM
• ML-DSA
• IoT Security
• Energy Efficiency

NIST Güvenlik Seviyeleri İçin ARMv8 IoT Cihazlarında Klasik ve Kuantum Sonrası Kriptografinin (FIPS 203/204) Karşılaştırmalı Performans Analizi

Abstract

Günümüz iletişim teknolojilerinde veri iletimi için kullanılan klasik şifreleme algoritmaları yeterli düzeyde güvenlik sağlamaktadır. Kuantum bilgisayarların yaygın kullanılmaya başlanacağı gelecekte çok güvenli olarak bilinen mevcut şifreleme algoritmalarının saniyeler içersinde kırılabileceği öngörülmektedir. Kuantum sonrası için Ulusal Standartlar ve Teknoloji Enstitüsü (NIST) 2024 'te kuantum sonrası kriptografik (PQC) algoritmalarından FIPS 203 (ML-KEM) ve FIPS 204 (ML-DSA) algoritmalarını yayımlamıştır. Bu çalışmada kaynak kısıtlı ortamlarda mevcut şifreleme algoritmaları, FIPS 203 ve FIPS 204 standartları algoritmalarıyla yine NIST'in yayımamış olduğu güvenlik seviyeleri (Seviye 1, Seviye 3, Seviye 5) bazında kıyaslanmaktadır. Kıyaslamaların seviye bazında yapılması güvenlik seviyelerinin arttırıldığında kaynak kısıtlı ortamlarda PQC algoritmalarının performansının belirlenmesi açısından önemlidir.Karşılaştırma sırasında gecikme, enerji tüketimi, bellek kullanımı ve iletişim yükü gibi ölçütler analiz edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, PQC algoritmalarının mevcut klasik şifreleme algoritmalarından önemli ölçüde daha hızlı çalıştığını ve güvenlik seviyesi arttıkça, klasik şifreleme algoritmalarının sınırlı donanım kaynaklarına sahip ortamlarda kullanılamaz hale gelen seviyelerde performans gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Post-Kuantum Kriptografi (PQC)
• ML-KEM
• ML-DSA
• IoT Güvenliği
• Enerji Verimliliği

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